ASTM E566-09
(Practice)Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals
Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Absolute and comparative methods provide a means for sorting large quantities of ferrous parts of stock with regard to composition, condition, structure, or processing, or a combination thereof.
The comparative or two-coil method is used when high-sensitivity testing is required. The advantage of this method is that it almost completely suppresses all internal or external disturbances such as temperature variations or stray magnetic fields. The two-coil method is normally used when harmonic evaluation is employed for sorting.
The ability to accomplish satisfactorily these types of separations is dependent upon the relation of the magnetic characteristics of the ferromagnetic parts to their physical condition.
These methods may be used for high-speed sorting in a fully automated setup where the speed of testing may approach ten specimens per second depending on their size and shape.
The success of sorting ferromagnetic material depends mainly on the proper selection of magnetic field strength and frequency of signal in the test coil, fill factor, and variables present in the sample.
The degree of accuracy of a sort will be affected greatly by the coupling between the test coil field and the test specimen and the accuracy with which the specimen is held in the test coil field during the measuring period.
When high currents are used in the test coil, a means should be provided to maintain a constant temperature of the reference specimen in order to minimize measurement drift.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting ferrous metals using the electromagnetic (eddy-current) method. The procedure relates to instruments using absolute or comparator-type coils for distinguishing variations in mass, shape, conductivity, permeability, and other variables such as hardness and alloy that affect the electromagnetic or magnetic properties of the material. The selection of specimens to determine sorting feasibility and to establish standards is also included.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E566 − 09
StandardPractice for
1
Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E566; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.3 AIA Standard:
NAS-410 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting ferrous
5
Testing Personnel
metals using the electromagnetic (eddy-current) method. The
procedure relates to instruments using absolute or comparator-
3. Terminology
type coils for distinguishing variations in mass, shape,
3.1 Standard terminology relating to electromagnetic ex-
conductivity, permeability, and other variables such as hard-
amination may be found in Terminology E1316, Section C:
ness and alloy that affect the electromagnetic or magnetic
Electromagnetic Testing.
properties of the material. The selection of specimens to
determine sorting feasibility and to establish standards is also
4. Summary of Practice
2
included.
4.1 The two techniques that are primarily used in electro-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
magnetic sorting employ the absolute (single-) and compara-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tive (two-) coil methods. The decision of whether to use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
single-coil or two-coil operation is usually determined by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
empirical data. In the absolute-coil method, the equipment is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
standardized by placing standards of known properties in the
test coil. The value of the tested parameter (for instance,
2. Referenced Documents
hardness, alloy, or heat treatment) is read on the scale of an
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
indicator. In the comparative-coil method, the test specimen is
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
compared with a reference specimen and the indication tells
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
whether the test specimen is within or outside of the required
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
limits.
Lot or Process
4.1.1 Absolute Coil Method—A specimen of known classi-
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
fication (standard) is inserted in the test coil, and the controls
Testing
of the instrument are adjusted to obtain an indication. The
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
method is then continued by inserting the test specimens to be
2.2 ASNT Documents:
sorted into the test coil, and observing the instrument indica-
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
tion.
4
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
4.1.2 Comparative Coil Method—Known reference speci-
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
mens (standards) representing the minimum or maximum
4
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
limits of acceptance, or both, are inserted in the reference coil
and test coil. The instrument controls are adjusted for appro-
priate indications. The method is then continued by inserting
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on the test specimens to be sorted in the test coil, leaving a known
Electromagnetic Method.
reference in the reference coil, and observing the instrument
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally
indication.
´1
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E566 - 99(2004) .
DOI: 10.1520/E0566-09.
4.2 The range of instrument indication must be so adjusted
2
General information can be found in the Nondestructive Testing Handbook,
in the initial step that the anticipated deviations will be
(Second Edition), Vol IV: Electromagnetic Testing, Society for Nondestructive
recognized within the range of readout according to whether
Testing, 1986.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
two- or three-way sorts are to be accomplished.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
5
the ASTM website. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
4
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org. www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Copyright © ASTM Inte
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E566–99 (Reapproved 2004) Designation: E 566 – 09
Standard Practice for
1
Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 566; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made to provide consistent terminology in May 2004.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting ferrous metals using the electromagnetic (eddy-current) method. The
procedure relates to instruments using absolute or comparator-type coils for distinguishing variations in mass, shape, conductivity,
permeability, and other variables such as hardness and alloy that affect the electromagnetic or magnetic properties of the material.
2
The selection of specimens to determine sorting feasibility and to establish standards is also included.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 105 Practice for Probability Sampling ofOf Materials
E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, with a With Specified Tolerable Error, Precision, the Average for a
Characteristic forof a Lot or Process
E 543 PracticeSpecification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
2.2 ASNT Documents:
4
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
4
ANSI/ASNT CP-189ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3 AIA Standard:
5
NAS-410 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Standard terminology relating to electromagnetic examination may be found in Terminology E 1316, Section C:
Electromagnetic Testing.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 The two techniques that are primarily used in electromagnetic sorting employ the absolute (single-) and comparative (two-)
coil methods. The decision of whether to use single-coil or two-coil operation is usually determined by empirical data. In the
absolute-coil method, the equipment is standardized by placing standards of known properties in the test coil. The value of the
tested parameter (for instance, hardness, alloy, or heat treatment) is read on the scale of an indicator. In the comparative-coil
method, the test specimen is compared with a reference specimen and the indication tells whether the test specimen is within or
outside of the required limits.
4.1.1 Absolute Coil Method—Aspecimen of known classification (standard) is inserted in the test coil, and the controls of the
instrument are adjusted to obtain an indication. The method is then continued by inserting the test specimens to be sorted into the
test coil, and observing the instrument indication.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on Electromagnetic
Methods.Method.
Current edition approved MayJune 1, 2004.2009. Published June 2004.2009. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 19992004 as
´1
E 566 - 99(2004) .
2
General information can be found in the Nondestructive Testing Handbook, (Second Edition),Vol IV: ElectromagneticTesting, Society for NondestructiveTesting, 1986.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E566–09
4.1.2 Comparative Coil Method—Known reference specim
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