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ASTM E566-14

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals

Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Absolute and comparative methods provide a means for sorting large quantities of ferrous parts of stock with regard to composition, condition, structure, or processing, or a combination thereof.  
5.2 The comparative or two-coil method is used when high-sensitivity testing is required. The advantage of this method is that it almost completely suppresses all internal or external disturbances such as temperature variations or stray magnetic fields. The two-coil method is normally used when harmonic evaluation is employed for sorting.  
5.3 The ability to accomplish satisfactorily these types of separations is dependent upon the relation of the magnetic characteristics of the ferromagnetic parts to their physical condition.  
5.4 These methods may be used for high-speed sorting in a fully automated setup where the speed of testing may approach ten specimens per second depending on their size and shape.  
5.5 The success of sorting ferromagnetic material depends mainly on the proper selection of magnetic field strength and frequency of signal in the test coil, fill factor, and variables present in the sample.  
5.6 The degree of accuracy of a sort will be affected greatly by the coupling between the test coil field and the test specimen and the accuracy with which the specimen is held in the test coil field during the measuring period.  
5.7 When high currents are used in the test coil, a means should be provided to maintain a constant temperature of the reference standard in order to minimize measurement drift.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting ferrous metals using the electromagnetic (eddy current) method. The procedure relates to instruments using absolute or comparator-type coils for distinguishing variations in mass, shape, conductivity, permeability, and other variables such as hardness and alloy that affect the electromagnetic or magnetic properties of the material. The selection of reference standards to determine sorting feasibility and to establish standards is also included.2  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2014
ICS
77.020 - Production of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.07 - Electromagnetic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E566-09 - Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM A320/A320M-22a - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for Low-Temperature Service
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM A962/A962M-23a - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Bolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep Range
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM E1476-04(2022) - Standard Guide for Metals Identification, Grade Verification, and Sorting
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM A194/A194M-23 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM A193/A193M-23 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E566 − 14
Standard Practice for
1
Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Sorting of Ferrous Metals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E566; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
5
1. Scope* 2.3 AIA Standard:
NAS-410 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting ferrous
Testing Personnel
metals using the electromagnetic (eddy current) method. The
procedure relates to instruments using absolute or comparator-
3. Terminology
type coils for distinguishing variations in mass, shape,
3.1 Standard terminology relating to electromagnetic ex-
conductivity, permeability, and other variables such as hard-
amination may be found in Terminology E1316, Section C:
ness and alloy that affect the electromagnetic or magnetic
Electromagnetic Testing.
properties of the material. The selection of reference standards
to determine sorting feasibility and to establish standards is
4. Summary of Practice
2
also included.
4.1 The techniques that are primarily used in electromag-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
netic sorting employ the absolute (single-) and comparative
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(two-) coil methods. The decision of whether to use single-coil
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
or two-coil operation is usually determined by empirical data.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
In the absolute-coil method, the equipment is standardized by
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
placing standards of known properties in the test coil. The
value of the tested parameter (for instance, hardness, alloy, or
2. Referenced Documents
heat treatment) is read on the scale of an indicator. In the
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
comparative-coil method, the test specimen is compared with a
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
reference standard and the indication tells whether the test
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
specimen is within or outside of the required limits.
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
4.1.1 Absolute Coil Method—A reference standard is in-
Lot or Process
serted in the test coil, and the controls of the instrument are
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
adjusted to obtain an indication. The method is then continued
Testing
by inserting the test specimens to be sorted into the test coil,
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
and observing the instrument indication.
4
2.2 ASNT Documents:
4.1.2 Comparative Coil Method—Reference standards rep-
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
resenting the minimum or maximum limits of acceptance, or
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
both, are inserted in the reference coil and test coil. The
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
instrument controls are adjusted for appropriate indications.
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
Themethodisthencontinuedbyinsertingthetestspecimensto
be sorted in the test coil, leaving a reference standard in the
1
reference coil, and observing the instrument indication.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on
4.2 The range of instrument indication must be so adjusted
Electromagnetic Method.
in the initial step that the anticipated deviations will be
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2014.PublishedJuly2014.Originallyapproved
in1976.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2009asE566 - 09.DOI:10.1520/E0566-
recognized within the range of readout according to whether
14.
two- or three-way sorts are to be accomplished.
2
General information can be found in the Nondestructive Testing Handbook,
(Second Edition), Vol IV: Electromagnetic Testing, Society for Nondestructive
4.3 Both absolute and comparative methods require com-
Testing, 1986.
paring the test specimens with the reference standards. Two or
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
more reference standards representing the limits of acceptance
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
4 5
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org. Wi
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E566 − 09 E566 − 14
Standard Practice for
Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) (Eddy Current) Sorting of
1
Ferrous Metals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E566; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting ferrous metals using the electromagnetic (eddy-current) (eddy current)
method. The procedure relates to instruments using absolute or comparator-type coils for distinguishing variations in mass, shape,
conductivity, permeability, and other variables such as hardness and alloy that affect the electromagnetic or magnetic properties
of the material. The selection of specimens reference standards to determine sorting feasibility and to establish standards is also
2
included.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
4
2.2 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
5
2.3 AIA Standard:
NAS-410 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Standard terminology relating to electromagnetic examination may be found in Terminology E1316, Section C:
Electromagnetic Testing.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 The two techniques that are primarily used in electromagnetic sorting employ the absolute (single-) and comparative (two-)
coil methods. The decision of whether to use single-coil or two-coil operation is usually determined by empirical data. In the
absolute-coil method, the equipment is standardized by placing standards of known properties in the test coil. The value of the
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on Electromagnetic
Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009June 1, 2014. Published June 2009July 2014. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
ε1
E566 - 99E566 - 09.(2004) . DOI: 10.1520/E0566-09.10.1520/E0566-14.
2
General information can be found in the Nondestructive Testing Handbook, (Second Edition), Vol IV: Electromagnetic Testing, Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1986.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
www.dodssp.daps.mil.Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E566 − 14
tested parameter (for instance, hardness, alloy, or heat treatment) is read on the scale of an indicator. In the comparative-coil
method, the test specimen is compared with a reference specimenstandard and the indication tells whether the test specimen is
within or outside of the required limits.
4.1.1 Absolute Coil Method—A specimen of known classification (standard) reference standard is inserted in the test coil, and
the controls of the instrument are adjusted to obtain an indication. The method is
...

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5.1 Absolute and comparative methods provide a means for sorting large quantities of ferrous parts of stock with regard to composition, condition, structure, or processing, or a combination thereof.  
5.2 The comparative or two-coil method is used when high-sensitivity testing is required. The advantage of this method is that it almost completely suppresses all internal or external disturbances such as temperature variations or stray magnetic fields, provided both the coils and both the reference parts are exposed to the same conditions which are not of relevance.  
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5.2 This test method is used in scientific and industrial research, but not for compliance or referee tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures used for determining the types and amounts of coke carbon forms and associated recognizable coal- and process-derived textural components in metallurgical coke in terms of volume percent. This test method does not include coke structural components such as coke pores, coke wall dimensions, or other structural associations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E566-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current/Magnetic Induction) Sorting of Ferrous Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Absolute and comparative methods provide a means for sorting large quantities of ferrous parts of stock with regard to composition, condition, structure, or processing, or a combination thereof.  
5.2 The comparative or two-coil method is used when high-sensitivity testing is required. The advantage of this method is that it almost completely suppresses all internal or external disturbances such as temperature variations or stray magnetic fields, provided both the coils and both the reference parts are exposed to the same conditions which are not of relevance.  
5.3 The ability to accomplish satisfactorily these types of separations is dependent upon the relation of the magnetic characteristics of the ferromagnetic parts to their physical condition.  
5.4 These methods may be used for high-speed sorting in a fully automated setup where the speed of testing may approach ten specimens per second depending on their size and shape.  
5.5 The success of sorting ferromagnetic material depends mainly on the proper selection of magnetic field strength and frequency of signal in the test coil, fill factor, and variables present in the sample.  
5.6 The degree of accuracy of a sort will be affected greatly by the coupling between the test coil field and the test specimen and the accuracy with which the specimen is held in the test coil field during the measuring period. Testing with harmonics can, to a large extent, reduce the sensitivity to accuracy of location.  
5.7 When high currents are used in the test coil, a means should be provided to maintain a constant temperature of the reference standard in order to minimize measurement drift.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting ferrous metals using the electromagnetic (eddy current/magnetic induction) method. The procedure relates to instruments using absolute or comparator-type coils for distinguishing variations in mass, shape, conductivity, permeability, and other variables such as hardness and alloy that affect the electromagnetic or magnetic properties of the material. The selection of reference standards to determine sorting feasibility and to establish standards is also included.2  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3187-16(Guide)
Standard Guide for Directed Energy Deposition of Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide applies to directed energy deposition (DED) systems and processes, including electron beam, laser beam, and arc plasma based systems, as well as applicable material systems.  
5.2 Directed energy deposition (DED) systems have the following general collection of characteristics: ability to process large build volumes (>1000 mm3), ability to process at relatively high deposition rates, use of articulated energy sources, efficient energy utilization (electron beam and arc plasma), strong energy coupling to feedstock (electron beam and arc plasma), feedstock delivered directly to the melt pool, ability to deposit directly onto existing components, and potential to change chemical composition within a build to produce functionally graded materials. Feedstock for DED is delivered to the melt pool in coordination with the energy source, and the deposition head (typically) indexes up from the build surface with each successive layer.  
5.3 Although DED systems can be used to apply a surface cladding, such use does not fit the current definition of AM. Cladding consists of applying a uniform buildup of material on a surface. To be considered AM, a computer aided design (CAD) file of the build features is converted into section cuts representing each layer of material to be deposited. The DED machine then builds up material, layer-by-layer, so material is only applied where required to produce a part, add a feature or make a repair.  
5.4 DED has the ability to produce relatively large parts requiring minimal tooling and relatively little secondary processing. In addition, DED processes can be used to produce components with composition gradients, or hybrid structures consisting of multiple materials having different compositions and structures. DED processes are also commonly used for component repair and feature addition.  
5.5 Fig. 1 gives a general guide as to the relative capabilities of the main DED processes compared to others currently used for meta...
SCOPE
1.1 Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is used for repair, rapid prototyping and low volume part fabrication. This document is intended to serve as a guide for defining the technology application space and limits, DED system set-up considerations, machine operation, process documentation, work practices, and available system and process monitoring technologies.  
1.2 DED is an additive manufacturing process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by melting as they are being deposited.  
1.3 DED Systems comprise multiple categories of machines using laser beam (LB), electron beam (EB), or arc plasma energy sources. Feedstock typically comprises either powder or wire. Deposition typically occurs either under inert gas (arc systems or laser) or in vacuum (EB systems). Although these are the predominant methods employed in practice, the use of other energy sources, feedstocks and atmospheres may also fall into this category.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. All units of measure included in this guide are accepted for use with the SI.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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