ASTM D5035-95(2003)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers raveled strip and cut strip test procedures for determining the breaking force and elongation of most textile fabrics. Provision is made for wet testing.
1.1.1 The raveled strip test is applicable to woven fabrics while the cut strip test is applicable to nonwoven fabrics, felted fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics.
1.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics or for other textile fabrics which have high stretch (more than 11 %).
Note 1—For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of textile fabrics using the grab test and modified grab test procedures, refer to Test Method D 5034.
Note 2—For determination of the breaking force and elongation of some specific types of fabrics which use the strip test, refer to Specifications D 579 and D 580.
1.3 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining in any way.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D5035–95 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
tiles
1.1 This test method covers raveled strip and cut strip test
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
procedures for determining the breaking force and elongation
D 579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
of most textile fabrics. Provision is made for wet testing.
D 580 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Tapes and
1.1.1 The raveled strip test is applicable to woven fabrics
Webbings
while the cut strip test is applicable to nonwoven fabrics, felted
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics.
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
1.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics
D 5034 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
or for other textile fabrics which have high stretch (more than
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
11 %).
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of 3. Terminology
textile fabrics using the grab test and modified grab test procedures, refer
3.1 Definitions:
to Test Method D 5034.
3.1.1 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a
NOTE 2—For determination of the breaking force and elongation of
material carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breaking
some specific types of fabrics which use the strip test, refer to Specifica-
strength. Syn. force-at-break.)
tions D 579 and D 580.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Materials that are brittle usually rup-
1.3 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound
ture at the maximum force. Materials that are ductile usually
units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct
experience a maximum force before rupturing.
nameforthecustomaryunitsusedintheUnitedStates.SIunits
3.1.2 breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use breaking
is the technically correct name for the system of metric units
force.
known as the International System of Units. The values stated
3.1.3 constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testing
in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be
machine—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of
regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each
specimen length is uniform with time.
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
3.1.4 constant-rate-of-load (CRL) tensile testing
must be used independently of the other, without combining in
machine—atestingmachineinwhichtherateofincreaseofthe
any way.
load being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the first 3 s.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.5 constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
machine—a testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
at a uniform rate and the load is applied through the other
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
clamp which moves appreciably to actuate a weighing mecha-
nism, so that the rate of increase of load or elongation is
2. Referenced Documents
dependent upon the extension characteristics of the specimen.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6 cut strip test, n—in fabric testing, a strip test in which
the specimen is cut to the specified testing width.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Replaces strip
testing sections, Sections 17 through 20, of Test Method D 1682. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
published as D 5035 – 90. Last previous edition D 5035 – 90. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5035–95 (2003)
3.1.7 elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material sively in the trade for acceptance testing. The same is true for
to the length of the material prior to stretching, expressed as a the cut strip test for felted or nonwoven textile fabrics.
percent.
5.1.1 In case of disagreement arising from differences in
3.1.8 extension, n—thechangeinlengthofamaterialdueto
reported test values when using this test method for acceptance
stretching. (Compare elongation.)
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
3.1.9 raveled strip test, n—in fabric testing, a strip test in
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
which the specimen is cut wider than the specified testing a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
widthandanapproximatelyevennumberofyarnsareremoved
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
from each side to obtain the required testing width. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
3.1.10 strip test, n—in fabric testing, a tensile test in which
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and are from
the full width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps. a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens
3.1.11 tensile test, n—in textiles, a test in which a textile
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
material is stretched in one direction to determine the load- laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
elongation characteristics, the breaking load, or the breaking
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
elongation. unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Other ASTM Committees consider
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
tensile tests as defined above to be “tension tests.” cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
The tearing test is not regarded as a tensile test.
the known bias.
3.1.12 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
5.2 The method is not recommended for knitted fabrics
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
because of their high stretch.
5.3 Some modification of the techniques may be necessary
4. Summary of Test Method
for any fabric having a strength in excess of 200 N/cm (1140
4.1 A test specimen is clamped in a tensile testing machine lbf/in.) width. Special precautionary measures are provided for
use when necessary with strong fabrics, or fabrics made from
and a force applied to the specimen until it breaks. Values for
the breaking force and elongation of the test specimen are glass fibers (see Specification D 579), to prevent them from
slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being
obtained from machine scales, dials, autographic recording
charts, or a computer interfaced with the testing machine. gripped in the clamps.
4.2 This test method describes procedures for carrying out 5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing fabrics
fabric tensile tests using four types of specimen, and three
either conditioned or wet.
alternative types of testing machines. For reporting, use the
5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machines
following system to identify specific specimen and machine
operating on different principles is not recommended. When
combinations.
different types of machines are used for comparison testing,
4.2.1 Type of specimen:
constant time-to-break at 206 3 s is the established way of
4.2.1.1 1R—25 mm (1.0 in.) raveled strip test
producing data. Even then the data may differ significantly.
4.2.1.2 2R—50 mm (2.0 in.) raveled strip test
5.6 Although a constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing
4.2.1.3 1C—25 mm (1.0 in.) cut strip test
machine is preferred in these methods, in cases of dispute,
4.2.1.4 2C—50 mm (2.0 in.) cut strip test
unlessthereisagreementtothecontrarybetweenthepurchaser
4.2.2 Type of tensile testing machine:
and supplier, a constant-time-to-break (20 6 3 s) is to be used.
4.2.2.1 E—constant-rate-of-extension (CRE)
5.7 The raveled strip procedure is applicable to the deter-
4.2.2.2 L—constant-rate-of-load (CRL)
mination of the force required to break a specific width of
4.2.2.3 T—constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT)
fabric. The breaking force information on woven fabrics is
4.2.3 Possible combinations can be identified as follows:
particularly useful for comparison of the effective strength of
the yarns in the fabric with the combined strength of an equal
Type of Tester
number of the same yarns which are not woven.The procedure
Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate-
Test Specimen of-Extension of-Load of-Traverse
is not recommended for fabrics having less than 20 yarns
25-mm (1-in.) raveled strip 1R-E 1R-L 1R-T across the width of the specimen. If a 20-yarns-per-specimen
50-mm (2-in.) raveled strip 2R-E 2R-L 2R-T
width cannot be obtained with a 25-mm (1-in.) strip, a 50-mm
25-mm (1-in.) cut strip 1C-E 1C-L 1C-T
(2-in.) strip should be used. In general, the observed force for
50-mm (2-in.) cut strip 2C-E 2C-L 2C-T
a 50-mm (2-in.) specimen is not double the observed force for
4.2.3.1 For example, 1R-E refers to a 25-mm (1-in.) raveled
a 25-mm (1-in.) specimen and the results should be reported as
strip test carried out on a constant-rate-of-extension tensile
observed on a 50-mm (2-in.) strip without mathematical
testing machine.
adjustment to 25 mm (1 in.). If a fabric cannot be raveled
readily, use either a cut strip or grab procedure.
5. Significance and Use
5.8 The cut strip procedure is applicable to heavily fulled
5.1 The raveled strip test in this test method is considered fabrics, woven fabrics that cannot be readily raveled, felted
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabrics and nonwoven fabrics. This procedure is not recom-
woven textile fabrics since the method has been used exten- mended for fabrics which can be raveled because the yarns at
D5035–95 (2003)
the edges tend to unravel during testing. The recommendation 7.3 TestSpecimens—Fromeachlaboratorysample,takefive
regarding the minimum number of yarns in a woven specimen specimens from the warp (machine) direction and eight speci-
discussed in 5.7 for raveled strips applies equally to cut strips. mens from the filling (cross) direction (if tested) for each
testing condition.
6. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials
7.3.1 Testing conditions include the following:
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRTtype 7.3.1.1 Warp or Machine Direction—Standard conditions
for testing textiles,
conforming to Specification D 76, with respect to force indi-
cation, working range, capacity, and elongation indicator and 7.3.1.2 Warp or Machine Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F),
7.3.1.3 Filling or Cross Direction—Standard conditions for
designed for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12 6
0.5 in./min); or, a variable speed drive, change gears, or testing textiles, and
interchangeable loads as required to obtain the 20 6 3s 7.3.1.4 Filling or Cross Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F).
time-to-break (see 5.5 and 5.6). 7.3.2 When using the constant-time-to-break technique and
6.2 Clamps and Jaw Faces—Eachjawfaceshallbesmooth, unfamiliar fabrics, prepare two or three extra specimens to
flat,andwithametallicorotheragreeduponsurface.Thefaces establish the proper rate of loading (speed for testing).
shall be parallel and have machining centers with respect to
8. Conditioning
one another in the same clamp and to the corresponding jaw
face of the other clamp.
8.1 For Conditioned Testing:
6.2.1 For all strip tests or for narrow fabrics and tapes being
8.1.1 If the samples have a higher moisture content than the
tested full width, each jaw face shall measure at least 10 mm
moisture present when at equilibrium in the standard atmo-
(0.5 in.) wider than the specimen being tested and at least 25
sphere for testing textiles, precondition as directed in Practice
mm (1.0 in.) in the direction of the applied force.
D 1776.
6.3 Metal Clamp, auxiliary, weighing 170 g (6.0 oz) with
8.1.2 Bring samples to moisture equilibrium in the standard
100-mm (4-in.) width anvils.
atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice D 1776.
6.4 Distilled Water, for wet testing.
Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the
6.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet testing.
increaseinmassofthespecimeninsuccessiveweighingsmade
6.6 Container, for wetting out specimens.
at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of the
6.7 Standard fabrics, for use in verification of apparatus.
mass of the specimen.
(See Annex A1.)
NOTE 5—It is recognized that, in practice, materials are frequently not
6.8 Pins, stainless-steel, 10-mm ( ⁄8-in.) diameter by 125
weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has been reached.While
mm (5 in.) long, two required if used.
conditioningforafixedtimecannotbeacceptedincasesofdispute,itmay
be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard
7. Sampling
atmosphere for testing textiles for a reasonable period of time before the
specimens are tested. As a guide, the following conditioning periods are
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in the
suggested:
applicable material specification. In the absence of such a
Minimum Condi-
specification randomly select the rolls or pieces that constitute
tioning Period,
the lot sample using the following schedule: 5
Fiber h
Number of Rolls, Pieces in Number of Rolls or Pieces in
Animal Fibers (for example, wool and regenerated proteins) 8
Lot, Inclusive Lot Sample
Vegetable Fibers (for example, cotton) 6
Viscose 8
1to3 All
4to24 4 Acetate 4
Fibers having a regain less than 5 % at 65 % relative 2
25 to 50 5
Over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 of the rolls humidity
or pieces
8.2 For Wet Testing:
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
8.2.1 Specimens to be tested in the wet condition shall be
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
immersedinwateratroomtemperatureuntilthoroughlywetted
rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll of fabric
(Note 6).To thoroughly wet a specimen, it may be necessary to
to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s
add not more than
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