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ASTM D4857-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards

SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines which are particularly prone to ring sticking. Piston varnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2001
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.B0 - Automotive Lubricants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4857-00 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D4857-01a - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001

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ASTM D4857-01 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than OutboardsASTM D4857-01 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
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ASTM D4857-01 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4857 – 01
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring
Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline
1
Engines Other Than Outboards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
6
1. Scope X-ray Spectrometry
2
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubri-
6
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
cants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gaso-
D 4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petro-
line engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Piston
leum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combus-
varnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.
6
tion and Chemical Luminescence Detection
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values
D 4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of
given in parentheses are provided for information only.
Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
6
Gasoline Engines
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 4859 Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
6
Spark Ignition Gasoline Engines-TC
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6
Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants
2. Referenced Documents
D 4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-
ments in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma
2.1 ASTM Standards:
7
Atomic Emission Spectrometry
B 152 Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and
3
E 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
Rolled Bar
8
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
9
4
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
Closed Cup Tester
2.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Stan-
D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
5
dard:
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
ANSI MC 96.1 American National Standard for Tempera-
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
10
ture Measurement Thermocouples
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
4
Viscosity)
3. Terminology
D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils
4
3.1 Definitions:
and Additives
3.1.1 cold sticking—of piston rings, a condition in which
D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-
5
the ring is free in its groove while the engine is running but
matic Viscosity at 40 and 100°C
stuck when the piston is cold, normally indicated by the
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
absence of varnish or other deposits on the outer face of the
ring and of signs of blowby on the piston skirt.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3.1.2 combustion chamber—in reciprocating internal com-
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown and
D02.B on Automotive Lubricants.
Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published July 2001. Originally any portion of the cylinder walls extending above the piston
published as D 4857 – 88. Last previous edition D 4857 – 00.
2
Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center
will update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. These can
6
be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
7
15206-4489. Attention: Administrator. This edition incorporates revisions in all Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
8
Information Letters through No. 00-4. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
3 9
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
4 10
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04. 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 4857
crown when in the top dead center position, and the inner 5. Significance and Use
surface of the cylinder head
...

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ASTM D6792-23c(Practice)
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5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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1.1.2 Commercial olefins that are essentially mixtures of aliphatic mono-olefins and that fall within the range of 95 to 165 bromine number (see Note 1). This test method has been found suitable for such materials as commercial propylene trimer and tetramer, butene dimer, and mixed nonenes, octenes, and heptenes. This test method is not satisfactory for normal alpha-olefins.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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1.4.2 The viscosity data used for Procedure D precision study was from 6400 mPa·s to 256 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –26 °C and –40 °C.  
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Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.  
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
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Note 1: The user of this test method should be proficient in the use of Test Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersion in liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compatibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in the execution of the operations of this test method.  
1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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