ASTM C323-56(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware Clays (Withdrawn 2024)
Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware Clays (Withdrawn 2024)
ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the chemical analysis of clays used in the manufacture of ceramic whitewares. Determine moisture on the sample in its ordinary air-dried condition. Determine all other percentage compositions on moisture-free samples and report accordingly on a moisture-free basis. Make blank determinations on the reagents for each constituent in the whiteware clay and deduct this blank in each case. The sample shall be heated to a constant weight at a given temperature; the loss in weight is recorded as moisture. For the determination of the silica blank, approximately 0.25 g of alumina should be added as aluminium chloride. The procedure for the determination of iron, aluminium, and titanium oxide blank are presented in details. The procedure for the determination of iron oxide, titania, alumina, lime, magnesia, and alkalies blank are discussed and presented in details.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of clays used in the manufacture of ceramic whitewares.
1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:
Section
Moisture
7
Loss on Ignition
8
Silica
9
Iron, Aluminum, and Titanium Oxides
10
Iron Oxide
11
Titania
12
Alumina
13
Lime
14
Magnesia
15
Alkalies
16
Note 1: These test methods have been compiled as standard procedures for use in referee analyses. These test methods, however, when the determination of iron oxide as Fe2O3 is involved, are not intended to preclude the use of other procedures that give results within the permissible variations. For the sake of uniformity the classical Zimmerman-Reinhardt procedure is specified for the determination of iron oxide. It is recognized that numerous other procedures are equally accurate and often more convenient. The other procedures commonly in use include reduction of an oxidized solution with zinc or other metal, and titration with standard potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution, as well as titration with a standard solution of titanous chloride in an oxidized solution. These procedures shall be considered acceptable, provided the analyst has obtained results by his special procedure that check with the Zimmerman-Reinhardt procedure within the limits specified in Section 17. It is suggested that National Institute of Standards and Technology standard samples be used for checking the accuracy of procedures.
It will be understood that the making of a complete analysis of a ceramic whiteware clay is a difficult procedure requiring a wide knowledge of the chemistry involved in the operations and a thorough training in carrying out the work. A skilled analyst of good training is therefore required to do the work. The descriptions here given cover the vital points of procedure, but frequent reference in regard to the details of the various manipulations should be made to “Applied Inorganic Analysis” by Hillebrand and Lundell2 and to similar publications. Particularly in the determination of alumina, reference should be made to Scientific Paper No. 286 of the National Bureau of Standards.3
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods covered the chemical analysis of clays used in the manufacture of ceramic whitewares.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products, these test methods were withdrawn in February 2024. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C323 − 56 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Chemical Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
No. 286 of the National Bureau of Standards.
1. Scope
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of clays
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
used in the manufacture of ceramic whitewares.
for information only.
1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Section
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Moisture 7
Loss on Ignition 8 responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Silica 9
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Iron, Aluminum, and Titanium Oxides 10
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Iron Oxide 11
Titania 12
Alumina 13
2. Referenced Documents
Lime 14
4
Magnesia 15 2.1 ASTM Standards:
Alkalies 16
C322 Practice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware Clays
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
NOTE 1—These test methods have been compiled as standard proce-
dures for use in referee analyses. These test methods, however, when the Sieves
determination of iron oxide as Fe O is involved, are not intended to
2 3
preclude the use of other procedures that give results within the permis-
3. Reagents
sible variations. For the sake of uniformity the classical Zimmerman-
3.1 Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all re-
Reinhardt procedure is specified for the determination of iron oxide. It is
recognized that numerous other procedures are equally accurate and often
agents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on
more convenient. The other procedures commonly in use include reduc-
Analytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society, where
tion of an oxidized solution with zinc or other metal, and titration with
5
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used,
standard potassium permanganate (KMnO ) or potassium dichromate
4
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
(K Cr O )solution,aswellastitrationwithastandardsolutionoftitanous
2 2 7
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
chloride in an oxidized solution. These procedures shall be considered
acceptable, provided the analyst has obtained results by his special
the determination. Unless otherwise indicated, references to
procedurethatcheckwiththeZimmerman-Reinhardtprocedurewithinthe
water shall be understood to mean distilled water. Paragraphs
limits specified in Section 17. It is suggested that National Institute of
3.1.1 – 3.1.16 include those reagents common to two or more
Standards and Technology standard samples be used for checking the
oftheanalyticalprocedures.Otherreagentswillbefoundlisted
accuracy of procedures.
It will be understood that the making of a complete analysis of a with the particular test method in which they are prescribed.
ceramic whiteware clay is a difficult procedure requiring a wide knowl-
3.1.1 Concentrated Acids and Ammonium Hydroxide—
edge of the chemistry involved in the operations and a thorough training
Concentrated acids and ammonium hydroxide of approxi-
in carrying out the work. A skilled analyst of good training is therefore
mately the following specific gravities or concentrations will
required to do the work.The descriptions here given cover the vital points
be required:
of procedure, but frequent reference in regard to the details of the various
manipulations should be made to “Applied Inorganic Analysis” by
2
Hillebrand and Lundell and to similar publications. Particularly in the
determination of alumina, reference should be made to Scientific Paper
3
Blum, W., “Determination of Alumina as Oxide,” National Bureau of
Standards, Scientific Paper No. 286.
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and are the direct responsibility of the ASTM website.
5
Subcommittee C21.04 on Raw Materials. Reagent Chemicals, American C
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C323 − 56 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Chemical Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
No. 286 of the National Bureau of Standards.
1. Scope
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of clays
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
used in the manufacture of ceramic whitewares.
for information only.
1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Section
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Moisture 7
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Loss on Ignition 8
Silica 9
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Iron, Aluminum, and Titanium Oxides 10
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Iron Oxide 11
Titania 12
Alumina 13
2. Referenced Documents
Lime 14
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Magnesia 15
Alkalies 16
C322 Practice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware Clays
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
NOTE 1—These test methods have been compiled as standard proce-
dures for use in referee analyses. These test methods, however, when the
Sieves
determination of iron oxide as Fe O is involved, are not intended to
2 3
preclude the use of other procedures that give results within the permis-
3. Reagents
sible variations. For the sake of uniformity the classical Zimmerman-
3.1 Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all re-
Reinhardt procedure is specified for the determination of iron oxide. It is
recognized that numerous other procedures are equally accurate and often
agents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on
more convenient. The other procedures commonly in use include reduc-
Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where
tion of an oxidized solution with zinc or other metal, and titration with
5
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used,
standard potassium permanganate (KMnO ) or potassium dichromate
4
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
(K Cr O ) solution, as well as titration with a standard solution of titanous
2 2 7
chloride in an oxidized solution. These procedures shall be considered high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
acceptable, provided the analyst has obtained results by his special
the determination. Unless otherwise indicated, references to
procedure that check with the Zimmerman-Reinhardt procedure within the
water shall be understood to mean distilled water. Paragraphs
limits specified in Section 17. It is suggested that National Institute of
3.1.1 – 3.1.16 include those reagents common to two or more
Standards and Technology standard samples be used for checking the
of the analytical procedures. Other reagents will be found listed
accuracy of procedures.
It will be understood that the making of a complete analysis of a with the particular test method in which they are prescribed.
ceramic whiteware clay is a difficult procedure requiring a wide knowl-
3.1.1 Concentrated Acids and Ammonium Hydroxide—
edge of the chemistry involved in the operations and a thorough training
Concentrated acids and ammonium hydroxide of approxi-
in carrying out the work. A skilled analyst of good training is therefore
mately the following specific gravities or concentrations will
required to do the work. The descriptions here given cover the vital points
be required:
of procedure, but frequent reference in regard to the details of the various
manipulations should be made to “Applied Inorganic Analysis” by
2
Hillebrand and Lundell and to similar publications. Particularly in the
determination of alumina, reference should be made to Scientific Paper 3
Blum, W., “Determination of Alumina as Oxide,” National Bureau of
Standards, Scientific Paper No. 286.
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and are the direct responsibility of the ASTM website.
5
Subcommittee C21.04 on Raw Materials. Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally appro
...
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