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ASTM D7459-08

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions Sources

Standard Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Greenhouse gases are reported to be a major contributor to global warming. Since “biomass CO2” emitted from combustion devices represents a net-zero carbon contribution to the atmosphere (that is, plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere and subsequent combustion returns it), it does not contribute additional CO2 to the atmosphere. The measurement of biomass (biogenic) CO2 allows regulators and stationary source owners/operators to determine the ratio of fossil-derived CO2 and biomass CO2 in developing control strategies and to meet federal, state, local and regional greenhouse gas reporting requirements.
The distinction of the two types of CO2 has financial, control and regulatory implications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines specific procedures for the collection of gas samples from stationary emission sources for subsequent laboratory determination of the ratio of biomass (biogenic) carbon to total carbon (fossil derived carbon plus biomass or biogenic carbon) in accordance with D 6866.
1.2 This practice applies to stationary sources that burn municipal solid waste or a combination of fossil fuel (for example, coal, oil, natural gas) and biomass fuel (for example, wood, wood waste, paper, agricultural waste, biogas) in boilers, combustion turbines, incinerators, kilns, internal combustion engines and other combustion devices.
1.3 This practice applies to the collection of integrated samples over periods from 1 hour to 24 hours, or longer.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2008
ICS
71.040.40 - Chemical analysis
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7459-08(2016) - Standard Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions Sources
Effective Date
01-Mar-2016
Referred By
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008

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ASTM D7459-08 - Standard Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions SourcesASTM D7459-08 - Standard Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions Sources
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ASTM D7459-08 - Standard Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions Sources
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7459 − 08
StandardPractice for
Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of
Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived Carbon Dioxide
Emitted from Stationary Emissions Sources
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Federal Standards:
40 CFR 60Appendix B, Performance Specification
1.1 This practice defines specific procedures for the collec-
40 CFR 60Appendix A, Reference Method
tion of gas samples from stationary emission sources for
UncertaintiesInNon-ProportionalSampling,Part75Policy
subsequent laboratory determination of the ratio of biomass
AndCommunicationEfforts,EPAContractNo.EP-W-07-
(biogenic) carbon to total carbon (fossil derived carbon plus
064, WorkAssignment No. 0-8, Task No. 6 (February 15,
biomass or biogenic carbon) in accordance with D6866.
2008 – Draft)
1.2 This practice applies to stationary sources that burn
municipal solid waste or a combination of fossil fuel (for
3. Terminology
example, coal, oil, natural gas) and biomass fuel (for example,
3.1 Definitions—For additional definitions of terms used in
wood, wood waste, paper, agricultural waste, biogas) in
this practice, refer to Terminology D1356 and Test Methods
boilers, combustion turbines, incinerators, kilns, internal com-
D6866.
bustion engines and other combustion devices.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 This practice applies to the collection of integrated
3.2.1 biomass (biogenic) CO,n— CO recently removed
2 2
samples over periods from 1 hour to 24 hours, or longer.
fromtheatmospherebyplants,thenreturnedtotheatmosphere
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
by combustion or biogenic decay.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2.1.1 Discussion—BiomassCO emittedfromcombustion
standard.
devices is often referred to as “carbon-neutral CO .”
3.2.1.2 Discussion—Biomass carbon contains the isotope
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
radiocarbon(carbon-14)inmeasurablequantities.Radiocarbon
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is a radioactive isotope of the element carbon, carbon-14,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
having 8 neutrons, 6 protons, and 6 electrons making up 1 ×
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
-12
10 naturalabundanceofcarbononearth.Itdecaysexponen-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tially with a half-life of about 5700 years and as such is not
2. Referenced Documents
measurable in fossil materials derived from petroleum, coal,
natural gas or any other source more than about 50,000 years
2.1 ASTM Standards:
old.
D1356Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Atmospheres
3.2.2 constant rate sampling, n—sampling conducted at a
D4840Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
fixed sampling rate.
D6866Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content
3.2.3 Fossil CO,n—CO introduced into the atmosphere
2 2
of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocar-
through the combustion or thermal dissociation of fossil
bon Analysis
materials.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Fossil-derived CO is void of radiocar-
1 bon and consists entirely of the “stable carbon” isotopes
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD22onAirQuality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres
carbon-13 (having 7 neutrons, 6 protons, and 6 electrons)
and Source Emissions.
making up 1.2% natural abundance carbon on earth and
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published August 2008. DOI: 10.1520/
D7459-08.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
the ASTM website. www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7459 − 08
carbon-12 (having 6 neutrons, 6 protons, and 6 electrons) and 6.2 Condenser—Air-cooled, water-cooled, or other con-
making up 98.8% natural abundance carbon on earth. densertoremoveexcessmoisturethatwouldinterferewiththe
operationofthepumpandflowmeter.Thecondensermustnot
3.2.4 proportional sampling, n—sampling conducted such
remove any CO . The condenser may be omitted if the
that the ratio of the sampling rate to stack gas velocity or
moisture concentrations are too low for condensation, for
volumetric flow rate is constant.
example, after dilution CEMS.
3.2.5 speciation, n—identificationofthebiomassandfossil-
NOTE 4—CO is slightly soluble in water; its effect is estimated to be
derived CO components within bulk air effluents.
less than about 0.2%. Acid gases (for example, SO , HCl) reduce the
3.2.6 sub-sampling, n—the process of taking a representa-
solubility of CO to a negligible level. In addition, since the method
tive smaller amount of sample volume from a large bulk
involves ratios of biomass to fossil derived CO , any solubility (if any) of
CO in water does not affect the results.
sample volume.
6.3 Valve—Needle valve, or equivalent, to adjust sampling
4. Summary of Practice
flow rate. The valve may be omitted if a pump that samples at
4.1 Representative gas samples are collected at a constant
a constant rate is used.
rate from stationary emission sources into portable containers
6.4 Pump—Leak-free diaphragm-type pump, or equivalent,
for shipment to off-site analytical facilities performing D6866
totransportsamplegastotheflexiblebag.Itmaybenecessary
analysis.
to install a small surge tank between the pump and rate meter
NOTE 1—The complexity of the analytical method requires analysis to
to eliminate the pulsation effect of the diaphragm pump on the
be performed off-site.
rotameter.
4.2 If the variability of stack gas velocity or CO
6.5 Rate Meter—Rotameter, or equivalent rate meter, ca-
concentration, or both, is beyond specified limits, proportional
pable of measuring sample flow rate to within 62.0% of the
rate sampling may need to be used. See Section 8.
selected flow rate.
NOTE 2—The majority of combustion sources are such that their
6.6 Sample Container—Air tight vessel that is compatible
operational conditions do not vary significantly and, hence, constant rate
with the system design, which includes flexible bags, evacu-
sampling would provide representative samples. However, there are some
sources, for example, peaking units, whose effluent flow rate (velocity) atedcanisterssuchasSummacanisters,vacutainer,Tedlarbag,
andCO concentrationsvaryconsiderably.Insuchcases,itisnecessaryto
or syringes.
sample proportionally. Guidelines are given on when proportional sam-
6.6.1 The capacity of the sample container must be large
pling is necessary.
enough to contain at least 2 cm of CO (sample container
5. Significance and Use
capacity (L) × %CO ×10≥2cm ) at the end of the sampling
period.
5.1 Greenhousegasesarereportedtobeamajorcontributor
6.6.2 Ifsub-samplesareusedforshipmenttothelaboratory,
to global warming. Since “biomass CO ” emitted from com-
thendeterminethesizeofthesub-samplecontainersuchthatit
bustiondevicesrepresentsanet-zerocarboncontributiontothe
will contain at least 2 cm of pure CO .
atmosphere (that is, plants remove CO from the atmosphere
and subsequent combustion returns it), it does not contribute
6.7 Flow Rate Indicator—Indicator that is proportional to
additional CO to the atmosphere. The measurement of bio-
stack gas velocity or volumetric flow rate. The following are
mass (biogenic) CO allows regulators and stationary source
2 acceptable indicators: Type S pitot tube (velocity pressure, as
owners/operators to determine the ratio of fossil-derived CO
measured by manometer, transducer, etc.); ultrasonic,
and biomass CO in developing control strategies and to meet
2 scintillation, thermal or other continuous flow devices; steam
federal, state, local and regional greenhouse gas reporting
rates, boiler feed water, power generation (MW), process
requirements.
loads, fuel rates, or other proportional effluent flow equiva-
lents.
5.2 The distinction of the two types of CO has financial,
con
...

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This guide describes quality assurance protocols for the determination of the anions and cations in atmospheric wet deposition which include the minimum recommended requirements for the preparation of calibration standards and suggested procedures for validating laboratory measurement results. Specimens to be used in all tests shall consist of reagent grade chemicals, water, and standard solutions. Common techniques for chemical analysis include automated colorimetry; ion chromatography, flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, electrometry, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Analytical precision and bias determinations shall be done for evaluation of the reference materials. Samples for reanalysis may be selected from the evaluation of control charts and the calculation of ion and conductivity percent differences.
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Standard Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Greenhouse gases are reported to be a major contributor to global warming. Since “biomass CO2” emitted from combustion devices represents a net-zero carbon contribution to the atmosphere (that is, plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere and subsequent combustion returns it), it does not contribute additional CO2 to the atmosphere. The measurement of biomass (biogenic) CO2 allows regulators and stationary source owners/operators to determine the ratio of fossil-derived CO2 and biomass CO2 in developing control strategies and to meet federal, state, local and regional greenhouse gas reporting requirements.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines specific procedures for the collection of gas samples from stationary emission sources for subsequent laboratory determination of the ratio of biomass (biogenic) carbon to total carbon (fossil derived carbon plus biomass or biogenic carbon) in accordance with Test Methods D6866.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Matrix spiking of samples is commonly used to determine the bias under specific analytical conditions, or the applicability of a test method to a particular sample matrix, by determining the extent to which the added spike is recovered from the sample matrix under these conditions. Reactions or interactions of the analyte or component of interest with the sample matrix may cause a significant positive or negative effect on recovery and may render the chosen analytical, or monitoring, process ineffectual for that sample matrix.  
5.2 Matrix spiking of samples can also be used to monitor the performance of a laboratory, individual instrument, or analyst as part of a regular quality assurance program. Changes in spike recoveries from the same or similar matrices over time may indicate variations in the quality of analyses and analytical results.  
5.3 Spiking of samples may be performed in the field or in the laboratory, depending on what part of the analytical process is to be tested. Field spiking tests the recovery of the overall process, including preservation and shipping of the sample and may be considered a measure of the stability of the analytes in the matrix. Laboratory spiking tests the laboratory process only. Spiking of sample extracts, concentrates, or dilutions will be reflective of only that portion of the process subsequent to the addition of the spike.  
5.4 Special precautions shall be observed when nonlaboratory personnel perform spiking in the field. It is recommended that all spike preparation work be performed in a laboratory by experienced analysts so that the field operation consists solely of adding a prepared spiking solution to the sample matrix. Training of field personnel and validation of their spiking techniques are necessary to ensure that spikes are added accurately and reproducibly. Consistent and acceptable recoveries from duplicate field spikes can be used to document the reproducibility of sampling and the spiking technique....
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the general technique of “spiking” aqueous samples with organic analytes or components. It is intended to be applicable to a broad range of organic materials in aqueous media. Although the specific details and handling procedures required for all types of compounds are not described, this general approach is given to serve as a guideline to the analyst in accurately preparing spiked samples for subsequent analysis or comparison. Guidance is also provided to aid the analyst in calculating recoveries and interpreting results. It is the responsibility of the analyst to determine whether the methods and materials cited here are compatible with the analytes of interest.  
1.2 The procedures in this guide are focused on “matrix spike” preparation, analysis, results, and interpretation. The applicability of these procedures to the preparation of calibration standards, calibration check standards, laboratory control standards, reference materials, and other quality control materials by spiking is incidental. A sample (the matrix) is fortified (spiked) with the analyte of interest for a variety of analytical and quality control purposes. While the spiking of multiple sample test portions is discussed, the method of standard additions is not covered.  
1.3 This guide is intended for use in conjunction with the individual analytical test method that provides procedures for analysis of the analyte or component of interest. The test method is used to determine an analyte or component's background level and, again after spiking, its now elevated level. Each test method typically provides procedures not only for samples, but also for calibration standards or analytical control solutions, or both. These procedures include preparation, handling, storage, preservation, and analysis techniques. These procedures are applicable by extension, using the analyst's judgement on a case-by-case basis, to spiking solutions, ...

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ASTM
ASTM D7959-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Chloride Content Determination of Aviation Turbine Fuels using Chloride Test Strip

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Chloride present in aviation turbine fuel can originate from refinery salt drier carryover or possibly from seawater contamination (for example, product transferred by barge). Elevated chloride levels have caused corrosive and abrasive wear of aircraft fuel control systems leading to engine failure.4
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a rapid means of determining chloride content of aviation turbine fuel. This methodology is applicable for chloride concentrations between 0 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L. This methodology will not detect chlorine originating from chlorinated organic compounds (that is, covalent bond).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E203-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Titration techniques using KF reagent are one of the most widely used for the determination of water.  
4.2 Although the volumetric KF titration can determine low levels of water, it is generally accepted that coulometric KF titrations (see Test Method E1064) are more accurate for routine determination of very low levels of water. As a general rule, if samples routinely contain water concentrations of 500 mg/kg or less, the coulometric technique should be considered.  
4.3 Applications can be subdivided into two sections: (1) organic and inorganic compounds, in which water may be determined directly, and (2) compounds, in which water cannot be determined directly, but in which interferences may be eliminated by suitable chemical reactions or modifications of the procedure. Further discussion of interferences is included in Section 5 and Appendix X2.  
4.4 Water can be determined directly in the presence of the following types of compounds:    
Organic Compounds  
Acetals  
Ethers  
Acids (Note 1)  
Halides  
Acyl halides  
Hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated)  
Alcohols  
Ketones, stable (Note 4)  
Aldehydes, stable (Note 2)  
Nitriles  
Amides  
Orthoesters  
Amines, weak (Note 3)  
Peroxides (hydro, dialkyl)  
Anhydrides  
Sulfides  
Disulfides  
Thiocyanates  
Esters  
Thioesters  
Inorganic Compounds  
Acids (Note 5)  
Cupric oxide  
Acid oxides (Note 6)  
Desiccants  
Aluminum oxides  
Hydrazine sulfate  
Anhydrides  
Salts of organic and inorganic acids (Note 6)  
Barium dioxide  
Calcium carbonate  
Note 1: Some acids, such as formic, acetic, and adipic acid, are slowly esterified. When using pyridine-free reagents, commercially available buffer solutions can be added to the sample prior to titration. With formic acid, it may be necessary to use methanol-free solvents and titrants (1).4
Note 2: Examples of stable aldehydes are formaldehyde, sugars, chloral, etc. Formaldehyde polymers cont...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended as a general guide for the application of the volumetric Karl Fischer (KF) titration for determining free water and water of hydration in most solid or liquid organic and inorganic compounds. This test method is designed for use with automatic titration systems capable of determining the KF titration end point potentiometrically; however, a manual titration method for determining the end point visually is included as Appendix X1. Samples that are gaseous at room temperature are not covered (see Appendix X4). This test method covers the use of pyridine-free KF reagents for determining water by the volumetric titration. Determination of water using KF coulometric titration is not discussed. By proper choice of the sample size, KF reagent concentration and apparatus, this test method is suitable for measurement of water over a wide concentration range, that is, parts per million to pure water.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 3.1.  
1.4 Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, and safety precautions for chemicals used in this test procedure.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3063-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Antimony Content Using Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 High levels of antimony are commonly used in flame retardant formulations for various materials. NAA is a test method that can be useful for verifying these levels and, for other materials, NAA can also be useful in establishing the amount of low level contamination, if any, with high sensitivity and high precision.  
5.2 Neutron activation analysis provides a rapid, highly sensitive, nondestructive procedure for antimony determination in a wide range of matrices. This test method is independent of the chemical form of the antimony.  
5.3 This test method can be used for quality and process control in the petrochemical and other manufacturing industries, and for research purposes in a broad spectrum of applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of antimony concentration in plastics or other hydrocarbon or organic matrix by using neutron activation analysis (NAA). The sample is activated by irradiation with neutrons from a research reactor and the subsequently emitted gamma-rays are detected with a germanium semiconductor detector. The same system may be used to determine antimony concentrations ranging from 1 ng/g to 10 000 μg/g with the lower end of the range limited by numerous interferences and the upper limit established by the demonstrated practical application of NAA.  
1.2 This test method may be used on either solid or liquid samples, provided that they can be made to conform in size and shape during irradiation and counting to a standard sample of known antimony content using very simple sample preparation. Several variants of this method have been described in the technical literature. A monograph is available which provides a comprehensive description of the principles of neutron activation analysis using reactor neutrons (1).2  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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