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ASTM D1907/D1907M-12(2018)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method

Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1907/D1907M is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since it has been used extensively in the trade for that purpose.  
5.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1907/D1907M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories.  
5.1.2 Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the determination of such a bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible, and that are from the same lot of the material in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using statistical analysis for unpaired data, and an acceptable probability level chosen by the parties before testing begins. If a bias is found, either its cause must be identified and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is intended primarily for the determination of the average linear density of yarns. However, the variations identified by the results may also provide useful information. If the coefficient of variation is to be calculated, each skein must be weighed separately, and a larger number of skeins will need to be tested (as compared to the number of skeins to be tested for the determination of the average yarn linear density alone).  
5.3 This test method includes seven options, depending on whether the yarn is scoured before weighing, weighed in the conditioned or oven-dried state, or whether or not the results obtained are adjusted for commercial moisture regain, or a commercial allowance. Option 1 (unscoured, conditioned yarn) is generally used f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear density of all types of yarn in package form, subject to the limitations of size and stretch given in 1.2 and 1.3. Provision is made for expressing yarn linear density in all the traditional yarn numbering systems.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns that stretch less than 5 % when tension on the yarn is increased from 0.25 to 0.75 cN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. By mutual agreement, and use of a lower than specified reeling tension, this method may also be adapted to measure the linear density of yarns that stretch more than 5 %, under the above force.  
1.3 This method is applicable to yarns finer than 2000 tex. However, it may be also adapted to coarser yarns by the use of skeins of shorter than specified lengths, and alternate reeling conditions, agreeable to the interested parties.  
1.4 Depending on the procedure used to calculate the moisture content of the yarn being tested, and its actual moisture content, or finish content, or both, one or more of the following options may be utilized.  
1.4.1 Unscoured Yarn: Option 1—Yarn at equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
Option 2—Oven-dried yarn.
Option 3—Oven-dried yarn, plus commercial moisture regain.  
1.4.2 Scoured Yarn: Option 4—Scoured yarn at equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
Option 5—Oven-dried, scoured yarn.
Option 6—Oven-dried, scoured yarn, plus commercial moisture regain.
Option 7—Oven-dried, scoured yarn, plus commercial allowance (commercial moisture regain, plus an allowance for finish).  
1.5 Specimens used to determine yarn linear density may also be used to determine the skein breaking strength of the yarn. Hence, this method provides the sequence of steps to be followed, to determine both these yarn properties.  
Note 1: The linear density of yarns produced with jute, or glass, may also be determined by the follo...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2018
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D2494-13(2020) - Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
Effective Date
01-Feb-2020
Refers
ASTM D4849-13(2018) - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Referred By
ASTM D8448/D8448M-22 - Standard Specification for Basalt Fiber Strands
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Referred By
ASTM D204-02(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Sewing Threads
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Referred By
ASTM F2848-21 - Standard Specification for Medical-Grade Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Yarns
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Referred By
ASTM D8395-23 - Standard Specification for Aramid Fiber for Asphalt Mixtures
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Referred By
ASTM D8054/D8054M-22 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Para-Aramid Flat Yarns
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Referred By
ASTM D578/D578M-23 - Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Strands
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Referred By
ASTM D1577-07(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018

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ASTM D1907/D1907M-12(2018) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein MethodASTM D1907/D1907M-12(2018) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
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ASTM D1907/D1907M-12(2018) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1907/D1907M − 12 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
1
Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1907/D1907M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope yarn. Hence, this method provides the sequence of steps to be
followed, to determine both these yarn properties.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear
density of all types of yarn in package form, subject to the
NOTE 1—The linear density of yarns produced with jute, or glass, may
also be determined by the following approved methods: Specifications
limitationsofsizeandstretchgivenin1.2and1.3.Provisionis
D541, D578/D578M, and D681. The linear density of short yarn
made for expressing yarn linear density in all the traditional
segments, raveled from fabrics, may be determined by Test Method
yarn numbering systems.
D1059.
1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns that stretch less
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
than 5% when tension on the yarn is increased from 0.25 to
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
0.75 cN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. By mutual agreement, and
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
use of a lower than specified reeling tension, this method may
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
also be adapted to measure the linear density of yarns that
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
stretch more than 5%, under the above force.
with the standard.
1.3 This method is applicable to yarns finer than 2000 tex.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
However, it may be also adapted to coarser yarns by the use of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
skeins of shorter than specified lengths, and alternate reeling
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
conditions, agreeable to the interested parties.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 Depending on the procedure used to calculate the
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
moisture content of the yarn being tested, and its actual
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
moisture content, or finish content, or both, one or more of the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
following options may be utilized.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.4.1 Unscoured Yarn: Option 1—Yarn at equilibrium with
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Option 2—Oven-dried yarn.
Option 3—Oven-dried yarn, plus commercial moisture re-
2. Referenced Documents
gain.
2
1.4.2 Scoured Yarn: Option 4—Scoured yarn at equilibrium 2.1 ASTM Standards:
with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
3
Option 5—Oven-dried, scoured yarn. D541Specification for Single Jute Yarn (Withdrawn 1996)
Option6—Oven-dried,scouredyarn,pluscommercialmois-
D578/D578MSpecification for Glass Fiber Strands
ture regain. D681Specification for Jute Rove and Plied Yarn for Elec-
3
Option 7—Oven-dried, scoured yarn, plus commercial al-
trical and Packing Purposes (Withdrawn 2000)
lowance (commercial moisture regain, plus an allowance for D1059Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
finish). Length Specimens
D1578Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
1.5 Specimens used to determine yarn linear density may
Form
also be used to determine the skein breaking strength of the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2018.PublishedJuly2018.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
3
in 1961T. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1907/D1907M–12. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D1907_D1907M-12R18. www
...

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5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.  
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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier) and related variability properties of filament and spun yarns using an automated tester with capability for measuring mass variability characteristics.  
1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.  
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1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
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5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
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1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2256/D2256M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option A1 of Test Method D2256 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on specimens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be used with caution for acceptance testing because factual information on between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the work necessary to break the yarn.  
5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand method gives a more a...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to 1.0 cN/tex [0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex].  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.  
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.  
Note 1: Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, and Specification D578.
Note 2: For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1578.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization estab...

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