ASTM A220/A220M-99(2004)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
ABSTRACT
This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron castings for general. The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce the mechanical properties required by this specification. Hardness test and tensile test shall be made to conform to the requirements specified. The microstructure of the pearlitic malleable iron shall consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a matrix of ferrite, pearlite, and tempered transformation products of austenite. All castings on visual examination, shall be sound and free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron castings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambient to approximately 750°F [400°C].
1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200°F [650°C] design factors should be incorporated to compensate for possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshall and Sommer and by Pearson.
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process details, no quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: A 220/A 220M – 99 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Specification for
Pearlitic Malleable Iron
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 220/A 220M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E 10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi-
als
1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron cast-
E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
ingsforgeneralengineeringusageattemperaturesfromnormal
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
ambient to approximately 750°F [400°C].
E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200°F
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
[650°C] design factors should be incorporated to compensate
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and
for possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshall
2 3 Scleroscope Hardness
and Sommer and by Pearson.
2.2 Military Standard:
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
details, no quantitative relationship can be stated between the
2.3 Federal Standard:
properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
3. Terminology
aretoberegardedseparatelyasstandard.Withinthetest,theSI
3.1 Definitions:
units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system
3.1.1 Definitions for many terms common to iron castings
are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
are found in Terminology A 644.
independently of the other. Combining values from the two
systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
4. Classification
4.1 Iron produced for castings ordered under this specifica-
2. Referenced Documents
4 tion is classified in a number of grades as shown inTable 1 and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5 is qualified by tests on separately cast test bars. Separately cast
A 220M Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron (Metric)
test bars shall be poured from the same lot of iron as the
A 247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
castings they represent and shall be heat treated with those
Graphite in Iron Castings
castings.
A 644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
5. Ordering Information
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
specification shall state the specification designation, the year
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA04.02 on Malleable and in which the specification was issued, and the grade of pearlitic
Ductile Iron Castings.
malleable iron to be supplied.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally
5.2 Any options or special additions to the basic require-
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as A 220/A 220M – 99.
ments of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.
Marshall, L. C., and Sommer, G. F., “Stress-Rupture Properties of Malleable
Iron at Elevated Temperatures,” Proceedings, American Society of Testing and
Materials, Vol 58, pp. 752–773. 6. Chemical Composition
Pearson, D.A., “Stress-Rupture and Elongation Properties of Malleable Iron at
6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to
ElevatedTemperatures,” Transactions,70thCastingsCongressandExposition,May
produce the mechanical properties required by this specifica-
9, 1966.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tion.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Withdrawn. Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 220/A 220M – 99 (2004)
TABLE 1 Tensile Test Requirements
Inch-Pound Grades
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, mn
English
min
Grade
psi psi 2 in., %
40010 60 000 40 000 10
45008 65 000 45 000 8
45006 65 000 45 000 6
50005 70 000 50 000 5
60004 80 000 60 000 4
70003 85 000 70 000 3
80002 95 000 80 000 2
90001 105 000 90 000 1
NOTE 1—Modification may be made in the dimensions indicated above
Metric Grades
for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as required by
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, min
testing procedure and equipment.
Metric
min
Grade FIG. 2 Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
MPa MPa 50 mm, %
280M10 400 280 10
310M8 450 310 8
310M6 450 310 6
340M5 480 340 5
410M4 550 410 4
480M3 590 480 3
550M2 650 550 2
620M1 720 620 1
7. Mechanical Requirements
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
NOTE 1—Thegagelengthandfiletsshallbeasshown,buttheendsmay
relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
be of any shape to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that
castings are discussed in Appendix X1.
theloadshallbeaxial.Thereducedsectionshallhaveagradualtaperfrom
7.2 Tensile Test:
the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to 0.13
7.2.1 Tensile Test Specimens:
mm] larger in diameter than the center.
7.2.1.1 The tensile test specimens shall be cast to the form
FIG. 3 Machined Tension Test Specimen
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 using the same kind
of molding material used for the production castings.
7.2.1.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with
measured to the nearest 0.001 in. [0.02 mm]. No cast bar
the designation of the pour period.
having a mean diameter less than ⁄32 in. [15 mm] shall be
7.2.1.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
accepted for test.
production furnace and for the same cycles as the castings they
7.2.2.4 Speed of Testing—After reaching a stress equivalent
represent.
to approximately half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed
7.2.2 Tensile Test Method:
of the moving head of the testing machine shall not exceed
7.2.2.1 The tensile test is usually performed on unmachined
0.50 in./mm [12.5 mm/min] through the breaking load.
specimens. However, for referee work the specimen may be
7.2.2.5 Yield Strength—Yield strength may be determined
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown
by any of the approved techniques described in Test Methods
in Fig. 3.
E 8. In referee work it shall be determined at an offset of 0.2 %
7.2.2.2 Gage Length—The gage length of the standard
from the stress-strain curve. Yield strength shall be reported to
tensile specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
the nearest 100 psi [megapascal].
7.2.2.3 Cross-Sectional Area—The diameter used to com-
7.2.2.6 Tensile Strength—The tensile strength shall be the
pute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between the
maximum load carried by the specimen during the test divided
largest and smallest diameter in that section of the 2-in.
by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found
[50-mm] gage length having the smallest diameter and shall be
in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the nearest
100 psi [megapascal].
7.2.2.7 Elongation—The increase in gage length after frac-
ture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.
[0.25 mm] expressed as a percentage of the original gage
length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
7.2.3 Number of Tests and Retests:
7.2.3.1 At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast
from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period
FIG. 1 Unmachined Tension Test Specimen during which the purchaser’s castings were poured.
A 220/A 220M – 99 (2004)
7.2.3.2 Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify 7.3.5 Typical hardness ranges for the various grades of
each pour period and heat treatment batch provided the pearlitic malleable iron are listed in Table 2.
requirementsofthisspecificationaremetbythattestspecimen.
8. Microstructure Requirements
7.2.3.3 If after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
8.1 The microstructure of the pearlitic malleable iron shall
defect, another tensile test may be made on a companion
consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture
matrix of ferrite, pearlite, and tempered transformation prod-
occurs outside the central 50 % of the gage length.
ucts of austenite.
7.2.3.4 If the result of a valid test fails to conform to the
8.2 When agreed upon between the purchaser and the
requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If
producer, the maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface
either of the retests fails to meet specification, the castings
after heat treatment may be stipulated in writing as measured
represented by these test specimens shall be rejected. A valid
byvisualdepletionofcombinedcarbonafterpolishing,etching
test is one wherein the test specimen has been properly
in nital, and viewing at 1003.
prepared and appears to be sound and on which the approved
8.3 If the castings are to be subsequently hardened, the
test procedure has been followed.
selected grade designation should be preceded by the letter L.
7.2.3.5 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment
Such castings shall contain sufficient combined carbon in the
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of
matrix to respond satisfactorily to any of the common harden-
castings and the representative test specimens shall be reheat
ing processes properly applied. A minimum hardness of 197
treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance
HB is recommended. Free ferrite shall be as low as is
with 7.2.3.1-7.2.3.4.
consistent with other properties.
7.2.4 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be
8.4 In referee work, the metallographic practice recom-
posted in permanent records, that shall state any abnormalities
mended in Test Method A 247 shall be followed.
observedduringthetestandinthefracturedends.Suchrecords
9. Soundness Requirements
shall be kept for at least one year after production of the
castings and shall be available for examination by the pur-
9.1 All castings on visual examination, shall be sound and
chaser or by an authorized representative.
free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
7.2.5 Tensile test results, obtained in accordance with this 9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be per-
section, must conform to the requirements of Table 1. formed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement and the
method and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
7.2.6 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars, or both,
10. Dimensional Requirements
shallbesavedbythemanufacturerforaperiodofthreemonths
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on
after the date of the test report.
drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
7.3 Hardness Test:
established by the patterns supplied by the purchaser.
7.3.1 If the purchase agreement requires hardness testing,
10.1.1 Variations of solid casting dimensions as shown in
the acceptable hardness range shall be stated and a location
Table 3 will be permitted unless otherwise agreed upon
shall be clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
between the purchaser and the producer.
7.3.2 Hardness Test Method:
11. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance
7.3.2.1 The Brinell method of hardness testing in accor-
dance with Test Method E 10, shall be employed whenever 11.1 The surface of the castings shall be clean, free from
possible. sand, and have a workmanlike finish.
11.2 No repairing by plugging or welding of any kind shall
7.3.2.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit
be permitted unless written permission is granted by the
Brinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500-kgf
purchaser.
load may be employed; the hardness number being reported as
HB 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to
12. Identification Marking
use the Brinell method, the Rockwell test may be substituted,
12.1 When the size of the casting permits, each casting shall
using Test Methods E 18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale.
bear the identifying mark of the manufacturer and the part or
Conversions of hardness values from one method to another
according to Tables E 140, that does not specifically cover cast A
TABLE 2 Typical Hardness Ranges
irons, are approximate only and are generally inadvisable.
Inch-Pound Grade Typical Hardness, Typical Indentation
7.3.2.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast
[Metric Grade} HB Diameters, mm
surface to ensure that the measured hardness is representative.
40010 [280M10] 149–197 4.3–4.9
45008 [310M8] 156–197 4.3–4.8
7.3.3 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness
45006 [310M6] 156–207 4.2–4.8
testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement.
50005 [340M5] 179–229 4.0–4.5
Otherwisehardnesstestsshallbeperformedatthediscretionof 60004 [410M4] 197–241 3.9–4.3
70003 [480M3] 217–269 3.7–4.1
the producer.
80002 [550M2] 241–285 3.6–3.9
7.3.4 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness
90001 [620M1] 269–321 3.4–3.7
rangemaybereheattreatedandretested.Ifafterreheattreating A
Hardness test in accordance with Test Method E 10 using a 0.39-in. [10-mm]
they still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected. ball and 6600–lbf [3000-kgf] load.
A 220/A 220M – 99 (2004)
TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Any Solid Dimension
reprocessed, retested, and reinspected. If the tests and inspec-
Solid Casting Dimension, in. [mm] Permissible Variation,6 in. [mm] tions on the reprocessed casting(s) show compliance with the
1 specification, the casting(s) shall be acceptable; if they do not,
Up to 1 [up to 25] ⁄32 [0.8]
1–6 [25–150] ⁄16 [1.6]
they shall be rejected.
6–12 [150–300] ⁄8 [3.2]
14.2 Material that fails to conform to the requirements of
12–18 [300–450] ⁄32 [4.0]
thisspecificationmayberejected.Rejectionshouldbereported
18–24 [450–600] ⁄16 [4.8]
24–38 [600–900] ⁄32 [5.6]
to the producer or supplier promptly
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