ASTM D4485-22e1
(Specification)Standard Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
Standard Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
ABSTRACT
This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment. Automotive engine oils are classified in three general arrangements: S, C, and Energy Conserving. These arrangements are further divided into categories with performance measured as follows: SH, SJ, SL, SM, CF-4, CF, CF-2, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conserving associated with SJ, and Energy Conserving associated with SL. Different bench and chemical tests shall be performed to help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.2
1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oil applications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawn mowers, motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoing vessels.
1.3 This specification is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline or diesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, it is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils run in gasoline engine Sequence Tests that defined engine oil categories prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects of engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests in this specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance, it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operating conditions.
1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests that help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance not covered by the engine tests in this specification.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5.1 Exceptions:
1.5.1.1 The roller follower shaft wear in Test Method D5966 is in mils.
1.5.1.2 The oil consumption in Test Method D6750 is in grams per kilowatthour.
Note 1: The kWh unit is deprecated. The preferred SI unit is the joule (J); 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ.
1.5.1.3 The bearing wear in Test Method D6709 is in grams and is described as weight loss, a non-SI term.
1.5.1.4 Some of the appendixes are verbatim from other sources, and non-SI units are included.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Aug-2022
- Technical Committee
- D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
- Drafting Committee
- D02.B0 - Automotive Lubricants
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Refers
ASTM D8048-24 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-13 Diesel Engine - Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Aug-2020
Overview
ASTM D4485-22e1 is the internationally recognized standard specification established by ASTM International for the performance of active API service category engine oils. This standard applies to engine oils designed for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines operating under diverse conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway vehicles, including farm, construction, and industrial equipment.
The document defines essential performance requirements for automotive engine oils through both engine and bench testing, classifying products as Service (S), Commercial (C), or Energy Conserving categories. It is globally used by lubricant manufacturers, OEMs, and testing bodies to ensure that engine oils meet minimum quality and reliability standards for different application scenarios.
Key Topics
- Engine Oil Categories: ASTM D4485-22e1 covers S (primarily for gasoline engines), C (primarily for diesel engines), and Energy Conserving arrangements, with detailed definitions for categories such as SJ, SL, SM, CF-4, CF, CF-2, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4.
- Performance Testing: The specification requires various laboratory and engine-based tests to assess oil properties including wear protection, oxidation stability, deposit control, low-temperature performance, volatility, foaming, and compatibility with seals and other engine materials.
- Bench and Chemical Tests: Supplement engine tests with key assessments for parameters such as viscosity, volatility, foaming tendency, phosphorus content, and gelation index, ensuring comprehensive evaluation.
- Standardized Evaluation: Results are typically correlated with reference oils and, where possible, supported by standardized test protocols established through ASTM practices and API guidelines.
- SI Units: The standard relies predominantly on SI units, with certain exceptions specified for legacy measurement methods.
Applications
ASTM D4485-22e1 is widely applied across the automotive and equipment industries. Typical uses include:
- OEM Lubricant Recommendations: Automotive manufacturers specify engine oils meeting this standard for new vehicles to ensure optimal protection, emission system compatibility, and performance.
- Aftermarket Suppliers: Oil blenders and marketers utilize this specification to produce or select engine oils that meet current API service category requirements, including demanding modern engines and legacy vehicles.
- Fleet Maintenance: Maintenance managers in trucking, agriculture, and industrial sectors rely on oils meeting this standard, ensuring durability and efficient operation in mixed and high-severity service environments.
- Testing & Certification: Laboratories perform conformity tests per ASTM D4485 requirements, supporting product certification and API licensing.
- Quality Assurance: Ensures consistent oil performance regardless of manufacturer, supporting warranty compliance and customer confidence.
Related Standards
For more comprehensive evaluation and selection, the following related standards and documents are frequently referenced in conjunction with ASTM D4485-22e1:
- SAE J300: Engine Oil Viscosity Classification, defining grades such as 0W-20, 5W-30, etc.
- API 1509: Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System, outlining requirements for use of API service symbols.
- ILSAC Standards: Additional requirements for fuel economy and emission compatibility.
- ASTM Test Methods: Includes specific procedures such as D4683 (high-temperature/high-shear viscosity), D892 (foaming tendencies), D5133 (gelation index), D5800 (evaporation loss), and many others referenced in ASTM D4485 for evaluating oil characteristics.
- SAE J183: Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service Classification, providing historical context for obsolete categories.
By adhering to ASTM D4485-22e1, manufacturers and users alike ensure that automotive and heavy machinery engines are protected by lubricants of proven quality, supporting reliability, energy efficiency, and regulatory compliance. This standard continues to evolve, reflecting advancements in engine technology, environmental requirements, and operational demands.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D4485-22e1 is a technical specification published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils". This standard covers: ABSTRACT This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment. Automotive engine oils are classified in three general arrangements: S, C, and Energy Conserving. These arrangements are further divided into categories with performance measured as follows: SH, SJ, SL, SM, CF-4, CF, CF-2, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conserving associated with SJ, and Energy Conserving associated with SL. Different bench and chemical tests shall be performed to help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance. SCOPE 1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.2 1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oil applications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawn mowers, motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoing vessels. 1.3 This specification is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline or diesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, it is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils run in gasoline engine Sequence Tests that defined engine oil categories prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects of engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests in this specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance, it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operating conditions. 1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests that help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance not covered by the engine tests in this specification. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5.1 Exceptions: 1.5.1.1 The roller follower shaft wear in Test Method D5966 is in mils. 1.5.1.2 The oil consumption in Test Method D6750 is in grams per kilowatthour. Note 1: The kWh unit is deprecated. The preferred SI unit is the joule (J); 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ. 1.5.1.3 The bearing wear in Test Method D6709 is in grams and is described as weight loss, a non-SI term. 1.5.1.4 Some of the appendixes are verbatim from other sources, and non-SI units are included. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ABSTRACT This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment. Automotive engine oils are classified in three general arrangements: S, C, and Energy Conserving. These arrangements are further divided into categories with performance measured as follows: SH, SJ, SL, SM, CF-4, CF, CF-2, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conserving associated with SJ, and Energy Conserving associated with SL. Different bench and chemical tests shall be performed to help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance. SCOPE 1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.2 1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oil applications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawn mowers, motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoing vessels. 1.3 This specification is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline or diesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, it is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils run in gasoline engine Sequence Tests that defined engine oil categories prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects of engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests in this specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance, it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operating conditions. 1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests that help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance not covered by the engine tests in this specification. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5.1 Exceptions: 1.5.1.1 The roller follower shaft wear in Test Method D5966 is in mils. 1.5.1.2 The oil consumption in Test Method D6750 is in grams per kilowatthour. Note 1: The kWh unit is deprecated. The preferred SI unit is the joule (J); 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ. 1.5.1.3 The bearing wear in Test Method D6709 is in grams and is described as weight loss, a non-SI term. 1.5.1.4 Some of the appendixes are verbatim from other sources, and non-SI units are included. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D4485-22e1 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D4485-22e1 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D7156-24, ASTM D8048-24, ASTM D8350-24, ASTM D6709-24, ASTM D7094-23, ASTM D7422-23, ASTM D6709-23, ASTM D7484-23a, ASTM D8291-23a, ASTM D7216-23, ASTM D8114-23a, ASTM D892-23, ASTM D8279-23a, ASTM D8350-23, ASTM D93-20. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D4485-22e1 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation:D4485 −22
Standard Specification for
Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4485; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes made throughout in December 2022.
INTRODUCTION
This specification covers all the currently active American Petroleum Institute (API) engine oil
performancecategoriesthathavebeendefinedinaccordancewiththeASTMconsensusprocess.There
are organizations with specifications not subject to the ASTM consensus process, such as the
International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC), American Petroleum
Institute (API – SM, SN, SP Specifications), and the Association des Constructeurs Europeans
d’Automobiles (ACEA). Certain of these specifications, which have been defined primarily by the use
of current ASTM test methods, have also been included in the Appendixes for information.
In the ASTM system, a specific API designation is assigned to each category. The system is
open-ended, that is, new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of oil
performance characteristics are defined. Oil categories may be referenced by engine builders in
making lubricant recommendations, and used by lubricant suppliers and customers in identifying
products for specific applications. Where applicable, candidate oil programs are conducted in
accordancewiththeAmericanChemistryCouncil(ACC)PetroleumAdditivesProductApprovalCode
of Practice.
Other service categories not shown in this document have historically been used to describe engine
oil performance (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH and CA, CB, CC, CD, CD-II, CE, CF, CF-2, CF-4,
CG-4) (see 3.1.2). SA is not included because it does not have specified engine performance
requirements. SH is not included because it was a category that could not be licensed for gasoline
engine oil use in theAPI Service Symbol after Dec. 2, 2010.The others are not included because they
are based on test methods for which engine parts, test fuel, or reference oils, or a combination thereof,
are no longer available. Also, the ASTM 5-Car and Sequence VI Procedures are obsolete and have
been deleted from the category Energy Conserving and Energy Conserving II (defined by Sequence
VI). Information on excluded older categories and obsolete test requirements can be found in SAE
J183.
1. Scope* operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and
off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.
1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and
heavy-dutyinternalcombustionenginesusedunderavarietyof
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Until the next revision of this specification, theASTM Test Monitoring Center
Subcommittee D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants. will update changes in specification by means of information letters. Information
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally letters may be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 203 Armstrong
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D4485 – 20. DOI: Drive,Freeport,PA16229,www.astmtmc.org.Thiseditionincorporatesrevisionsin
10.1520/D4485-22E01. all information letters through No. 22-1.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D4485−22
1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oil D874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils
applications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawn and Additives
mowers, motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoing D892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-
vessels. ing Oils
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
1.3 This specification is based on engine test results that
ness
generally have been correlated with results obtained on refer-
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
ence oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline or
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
diesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, it
D3244 Practice for Utilization of Test Data to Determine
is based on engine test results that generally have been
Conformance with Specifications
correlated with results obtained on reference oils run in
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
gasoline engine Sequence Tests that defined engine oil catego-
D4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New and
ries prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects
Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Tempera-
of engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests in
ture by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 °C
this specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance,
D4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and
it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operating
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
conditions.
D4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-
1.4 Thisspecificationincludesbenchandchemicalteststhat
peratureandHighShearRatebyTapered-PlugViscometer
help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance not
D4951 Test Method for Determination ofAdditive Elements
covered by the engine tests in this specification.
in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Atomic Emission Spectrometry
D5119 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. Oils in the CRC L-38 Spark-Ignition Engine (Withdrawn
2003)
1.5.1 Exceptions:
1.5.1.1 TherollerfollowershaftwearinTestMethodD5966 D5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate,
Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils
is in mils.
1.5.1.2 The oil consumption in Test Method D6750 is in Using a Temperature-Scanning Technique
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of
grams per kilowatthour.
Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by
NOTE 1—The kWh unit is deprecated. The preferred SI unit is the joule
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
(J); 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ.
etry (ICP-AES)
1.5.1.3 The bearing wear in Test Method D6709 is in grams
D5293 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
and is described as weight loss, a non-SI term.
and Base Stocks Between –10 °C and –35 °C Using
1.5.1.4 Some of the appendixes are verbatim from other
Cold-Cranking Simulator
sources, and non-SI units are included.
D5302 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Duty Conditions (Withdrawn 2003)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D5480 Test Method for Engine Oil Volatility by Gas Chro-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
matography (Withdrawn 2003)
D5481 Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity at
2. Referenced Documents
High-TemperatureandHigh-ShearRatebyMulticellCap-
illary Viscometer
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5533 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
Oils in the Sequence IIIE, Spark-Ignition Engine (With-
Open Cup Tester
drawn 2003)
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
D5800 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating
Closed Cup Tester
Oils by the Noack Method
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
D5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
Oils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID) (Withdrawn
D412 Test Methods forVulcanized Rubber andThermoplas-
2003)
tic Elastomers—Tension
D5966 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils for Roller
D471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
Follower Wear in Light-Duty Diesel Engine
D5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in
T-8 Diesel Engine
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
theASTM website. www.astm.org.
´1
D4485−22
D6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Charac- D6975 Test Method for Cummins M11 EGR Test (With-
teristics of Lubricating Oils drawn 2019)
D6202 Test Method forAutomotive Engine Oils on the Fuel D6984 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in the
Oils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition Engine
Sequence VIA Spark Ignition Engine (Withdrawn 2009)
D6987/D6987M Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel En-
D6278 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Contain-
gine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel
ing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector Apparatus
Engine (Withdrawn 2022)
D6335 Test Method for Determination of High Temperature
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-
Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation
ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
Test
D7097 Test Method for Determination of Moderately High
D6417 Test Method for Estimation of Engine Oil Volatility
Temperature Piston Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation En-
by Capillary Gas Chromatography
gine Oil Simulation Test—TEOST MHT
D6483 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in
D7109 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer-
T-9 Diesel Engine (Withdrawn 2009)
Containing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector Ap-
D6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust Preventive Char-
paratus at 30 Cycles and 90 Cycles
acteristics of Automotive Engine Oils
D7156 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in
D6593 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
the T-11 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine
Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-
D7216 Test Method for DeterminingAutomotive Engine Oil
Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gaso-
Compatibility with Typical Seal Elastomers
line and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty
D7320 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
Conditions
Oils in the Sequence IIIG, Spark-Ignition Engine
D6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness of
D7422 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in
Diesel Engine Oil at 135 °C
T-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine
D6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High
D7468 Test Method for Cummins ISM Test
Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1P
D7484 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
Test Procedure
Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB
D6709 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
Medium-Duty Diesel Engine
OilsintheSequenceVIIISpark-IgnitionEngine(CLROil
D7528 Test Method for Bench Oxidation of Engine Oils by
Test Engine)
ROBO Apparatus
D6750 Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a
D7549 Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine
High-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—1K Proce-
dure (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % Fuel Oils under High Output Conditions—Caterpillar C13 Test
Sulfur)
Procedure
D6794 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterability
D7563 Test Method for Evaluation of the Ability of Engine
of Engine Oils After Treatment with Various Amounts of
Oil to Emulsify Water and Simulated Ed85 Fuel
Water and a Long (6 h) Heating Time
D7589 Test Method for Measurement of Effects ofAutomo-
D6795 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterability
tive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and
of Engine Oils After Treatment with Water and Dry Ice
Light-Duty Trucks in Sequence VID Spark Ignition En-
and a Short (30 min) Heating Time
gine
D6837 Test Method for Measurement of Effects ofAutomo-
D8047 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oil Aeration
tive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and
Resistance in a Caterpillar C13 Direct-Injected Turbo-
Light-Duty Trucks in Sequence VIB Spark Ignition En-
charged Automotive Diesel Engine
gine (Withdrawn 2022)
D8048 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in
D6838 Test Method for Cummins M11 High Soot Test
T-13 Diesel Engine
(Withdrawn 2019)
D8111 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
D6891 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
Oils in the Sequence IIIH, Spark-Ignition Engine
Oils in the Sequence IVA Spark-Ignition Engine
D8114 Test Method for Measurement of Effects ofAutomo-
D6894 TestMethodforEvaluationofAerationResistanceof
tive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and
Engine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged Automotive
Light-Duty Trucks in Sequence VIE Spark Ignition
Diesel Engine (Withdrawn 2022)
D8226 Test Method for Measurement of Effects ofAutomo-
D6896 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and
tive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and
Apparent Viscosity of Used Engine Oils at Low Tempera-
Light-DutyTrucksinSequenceVIFSparkIgnitionEngine
ture
D8256 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
D6922 Test Method for Determination of Homogeneity and
Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in the Sequence
Miscibility in Automotive Engine Oils
VH Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Gasoline and
D6923 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High
Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Condi-
Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1R
Test Procedure tions
´1
D4485−22
D8279 Test Method for Determination of Timing-Chain 3.1.6 light-duty, adj—in internal combustion engine
Wear in a Turbocharged, Direct-Injection, Spark-Ignition, operation, characterized by average speeds, power output, and
Four-Cylinder Engine internal temperatures that are generally much lower than the
D8291 Test Method for Evaluation of Performance ofAuto- potential maximums.
motive Engine Oils in the Mitigation of Low-Speed,
3.1.7 light-duty engine, n—in internal combustion engine
Preignition in the Sequence IX Gasoline Turbocharged
types, one that is designed to be normally operated at substan-
Direct-Injection, Spark-Ignition Engine
tially less than its peak output.
D8350 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
3.1.7.1 Discussion—This type of engine is typically in-
Oils in the Sequence IVB Spark-Ignition Engine
stalled in automobiles and small trucks, vans, and buses.
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
3.1.8 lugging, adj—in internal combustion engine
Determine Conformance with Specifications
operation, characterized by a combined mode of relatively
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
low-speed and high-power output.
2.2 Society of Automotive Engineers Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service
3.2.1 C category, n—the group of engine oils that are
Classification
intended primarily for use in diesel and certain gasoline-
SAE J300 Engine Oil Classification
powered vehicles.
SAE J1423 Passenger Car and Light-Duty Truck Energy-
Conserving Engine Oil Classification 3.2.2 Energy Conserving category, n—the group of engine
SAE J2643 Standard Reference Elastomers (SRE) for Char- oils that have demonstrated fuel economy benefits and are
acterizing the Effects on Vulcanized Rubber intended primarily for use in automotive gasoline engine
applications, such as passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and
2.3 American Petroleum Institute Publication:
vans.
API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System
(EOLCS)
3.2.3 engine oil, n—a lubricating liquid with additives that
2.4 Government Standard:
reduces friction or wear, or both, between the moving parts
DOD CID A-A-52039A (SAE 5W-30, 10W-30, and 15W- within an engine; removes heat, serves as a combustion-gas
40)
sealant for piston rings; and reduces potentially harmful effects
such as rusting, deposit formation, oil oxidation, and foaming
2.5 American Chemical Council Code:
ACC Petroleum Additives Product Approval Code of Prac- resulting from engine operation.
tice
3.2.4 F category, n—a group of heavy duty engine oils
specified to help meet greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
3. Terminology
legislation, for example, legislation first introduced on 2017
3.1 Definitions:
model year engines.
3.1.1 automotive, adj—descriptive of equipment associated
3.2.5 S category, n—the group of engine oils that are
with self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven by
intended primarily for use in automotive gasoline engine
internal combustion engines.
applications, such as passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and
3.1.2 category, n—in engine oils, a designation such as SJ, vans.
SL, SM, SN, SP, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, CK-4, FA-4, Energy
4. Performance Classification
Conserving, Resource Conserving, and so forth, for a given
level of performance in specified engine and bench tests.
4.1 Automotive engine oils are classified in three general
3.1.3 classification, n—in engine oils, the systematic ar- arrangements, as defined in 3.2; that is, S, C, and Energy
rangementintocategoriesinaccordancewithdifferentlevelsof Conserving. These arrangements are further divided into cat-
performance in specified engine and bench tests. egories with performance measured as follows:
4.1.1 SJ—Oil meeting the performance requirements mea-
3.1.4 heavy duty, adj—in internal combustion engine
sured in the following gasoline engine tests and bench tests:
operation, characterized by average speeds, power output, and
4.1.1.1 Test Method D5844, the Sequence IID, gasoline
internal temperatures that are generally close to the potential
engine test has been correlated with vehicles used in short-trip
maximums.
6,9
servicepriorto1978, particularlywithregardtorusting.(An
3.1.5 heavy-duty engine, n—in internal combustion engine
alternative is Test Method D6557, the Ball Rust Test.)
types, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at or
4.1.1.2 Test Method D5533, the Sequence IIIE gasoline
close to its peak output.
engine test, has been correlated with vehicles used in high-
temperature service prior to 1988, particularly with regard to
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096–0001.
6 9
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 200 Massachusetts Ave. Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001, http://www.api.org. beobtainedbyrequestingResearchReportRR:D02-1473.ContactASTMCustomer
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments, Service at service@astm.org.
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401. Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may
Available from American Chemical Council, 700 Second St. NE, Washington, beobtainedbyrequestingResearchReportRR:D02-1471.ContactASTMCustomer
DC 20002, www.americanchemistry.com. Service at service@astm.org.
´1
D4485−22
oil thickening and valve train wear. (Alternatives are Test performancerequirementsinthisspecification,andthattheoils
Method D6984, the Sequence IIIF test, orTest Method D7320, be tested in accordance with the protocols described in the
the Sequence IIIG test, or Test Method D8111, the Sequence ACC PetroleumAdditives ProductApproval Code of Practice.
IIIH test using both Appendix X4 IIIH60 hour and Appendix The methodology detailed in the ACC Code will help ensure
X5 IIIH70 hour guidelines.) that an engine oil meets its intended performance specification.
4.1.1.3 Test Method D5302, the Sequence VE gasoline (See Appendix X3 for more information.)
engine test, has been correlated with vehicles used in stop- 4.1.2 SL—Oil meeting the performance requirements mea-
and-go service prior to 1988, particularly with regard to sured in the following gasoline engine tests and bench tests:
sludge and valve train wear. (An alternative is the combination 4.1.2.1 Test Method D6984, the Sequence IIIF gasoline
ofTestMethodD6593,theSequenceVGtest,andTestMethod engine test, is used to measure oil thickening and piston
D6891, the Sequence IVA test or the combination of Test deposits under high temperature conditions and provides infor-
Method D8256, the Sequence VH Test and Test Method mation about valve train wear. (Alternatives are Test Method
D6891, the Sequence IVA Test.) D7320, the Sequence IIIG test, or Test Method D8111, the
4.1.1.4 TestMethodD5119,theL-38gasolineenginetest,is Sequence IIIH test using Appendix X5 IIIH70 hour guide-
used to measure copper-lead bearing weight loss under high- lines.)
temperature operating conditions. (An alternative is Test 4.1.2.2 Test Method D6891, the Sequence IVA gasoline
Method D6709, the Sequence VIII test.) engine test, has been correlated with the SequenceVE gasoline
(1) TestMethodD5119(orTestMethodD6709)isalsoused engine test in terms of overhead cam and slider follower wear
to determine the ability of an oil to resist permanent viscosity control.
loss due to shearing in an engine. 4.1.2.3 Test Method D5302, the Sequence VE gasoline
4.1.1.5 In addition to passing performance in the engine engine test, has been correlated with vehicles used in stop-
tests, specific viscosity grades shall also meet bench test and-go service prior to 1988, with regard to valve train wear. It
requirements (see Table 1), which are discussed in the follow- is included in the SL performance specification to augment
ing subsections: assessment of the wear control performance of oils containing
(1) The volatility of engine oils is one of several factors less than 0.08 % mass of phosphorus from ZDDP additive.
that relates to engine oil consumption.
NOTE2—PriortoMay2004,theAPISH,SJ,andSLcategoriesrequired
(2) Test Method D6795, the EOFT screens for the forma-
that oils with passing Test Method D6984 (Sequence IIIF) results, and
tion of precipitates and gels that form in the presence of water
containing less than 0.08 % mass phosphorus in the form of ZDDP, also
demonstrate passing performance in Test Method D5302 (Sequence VE).
and can cause oil filter plugging.
This requirement was included to address concerns over adequate wear
(3) Phosphoruscompoundsinexcessiveamountscancause
protectionwithlowlevelsofZDDP.However,TestMethodD5302hasnot
glazingofautomotivecatalystsandexhaustgasoxygensensors
been available to industry for some time, and an alternative method was
and, thereby, deactivate them. Control of the phosphorus level
needed. In a related activity, the next level of gasoline engine oil
in the engine oil may reduce this tendency. performance, the ILSAC GF-4 standard, was developed outside the
normal ASTM consensus process. Deliberations during the GF-4 devel-
(4) The flash point may indicate if residual solvents and
opment process included careful consideration of the suitability of Test
low-boiling fractions remain in the finished oil.
Method D7320, the Sequence IIIG, a new test, to evaluate the wear
(5) Excessive foaming in engine oil can cause valve lifter
protection of oils with less than 0.08 % mass phosphorus. Data on oils
collapse and a loss of lubrication due to the presence of air in
with less than 0.08 % mass phosphorus in the form of ZDDP were
the oil. Test Methods D892 and D6082 empirically rate the reviewed by members of the D02.B0 Passenger Car Engine Oil Classifi-
cation Panel (PCEOCP). These data were from Test Method D7320
foaming tendency and stability of oils.
(Sequence IIIG) tests and from field tests on large populations of older
(6) Test Method D6922, the H and M Test indicates the
vehicles with different engine types. Based on these data, the PCEOCP
compatibility of an oil with standard test oils.
recommended a ballot to allow the use of Test Method D7320 (Sequence
(7) Newer engines designed to provide increased power
IIIG) as an alternative to Test Method D6984 (Sequence IIIF) plus Test
and improved driveability and to meet future federal emissions Method D5302 (Sequence VE) for demonstration of acceptable API SH,
SJ, and SL performance on low phosphorus oils, establishing at least the
and fuel economy requirements may be sensitive to internal
mass fraction of phosphorus is 0.06 % as the minimum level. That ballot
deposits caused by elevated engine operating temperatures.
was approved by Subcommittee D02.B0 in May 2004.
Test Method D6335, the TEOST test, may be useful in
4.1.2.4 Test Method D6593, the Sequence VG gasoline
determining the deposit control of oils recommended for these
engine test, has been correlated with the SequenceVE gasoline
engines.
engine test and with vehicles used in stop-and-go service prior
(8) Test Method D5133, the Gelation Index technique,
to 2000, with regard to sludge and varnish deposit control. (An
mightidentifyoilssusceptibletoairbindingandmightprovide
alternative is Test Method D8256, the Sequence VH Test.)
low temperature protection not adequately measured by the
4.1.2.5 Test Method D6709, the Sequence VIII gasoline
Test Method D4684.
engine test, is used to measure copper-lead bearing weight loss
4.1.1.6 Licensing of the API SJ category by the American
under high-temperature operating conditions and has been
Petroleum Institute (API) requires that candidate oils meet the
shown to correlate with the L-38 gasoline engine test.
11 12
Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may
beobtainedbyrequestingResearchReportRR:D02-1273.ContactASTMCustomer beobtainedbyrequestingResearchReportRR:D02-1391.ContactASTMCustomer
Service at service@astm.org. Service at service@astm.org.
´1
D4485−22
TABLE 1 S Engine Oil Categories
API SJ Category
Required Test Method Engine Test Method Rated or Measured Parameter Primary Performance Criteria
A,B C
Sequence IID (D5844 )or D5844 Average engine rust rating, min 8.5
A
D6557 (Ball Rust Test) Number stuck lifters
none
D6557 Average gray value, min 100
Hours to 375 % kinematic viscosity increase at 40 °C, min 64
C
Average engine sludge rating, min 9.2
C
Average piston skirt varnish rating, min 8.9
C
Average oil ring land deposit rating, min 3.5
Lifter sticking none
D5533
Scuffing and wear
Cam or lifter scuffing none
Cam plus lifter wear, µm Average, max 30
Maximum, max 64
B,D E
Ring sticking (oil-related) none
Sequence IIIE (D5533 )or
D
F
Sequence IIIF (D6984 )or
Kinematic viscosity, % increase at 40 °C, max 325
J
Sequence IIIG (D7320 ) C G
Average piston skirt varnish rating, min 8.5
AE
Sequence IIIH (D8111 using
H G
D6984 Weighted piston deposit rating, min 3.2
both Appendix X4 IIIH60 hour
G,I
Screened average cam-plus–lifter wear, µm, max 20
and Appendix X5 IIIH70 hour
G
guideline) Hot stuck rings none
Kinematic viscosity, % increase at 40 °C, max 150
K
Weighted piston deposit rating, min 3.5
D7320
Cam-plus-lifter wear avg, µm, max 60
Hot stuck rings none
D8111(Using both 60 h kinematic viscosity, % increase at 40 °C, max 307
Appendix X4 IIIH60
H
hour and 70 h average weighted piston deposits, merits, min 2.5
Appendix X5 IIIH70
C
hour guideline) 70 h average piston skirt varnish, merits, min 7.5
C
Average engine sludge rating, min 9.0
C
Rocker arm cover sludge rating, min 7.0
C
Average piston skirt varnish rating, min 6.5
C
Average engine varnish rating, min 5.0
D5302 Oil ring clogging, % report
Oil screen clogging, %, max 20.0
Compression ring sticking (hot stuck) none
Average, max 127
Cam wear, µm
Maximum, max 380
B,L
M
Sequence VE (D5302 )
D6891 Average cam wear, µm 120
L
or Sequence IVA (D6891 ) plus C
Average engine sludge rating, min 7.8
L
Sequence VG (D6593 )or
C
L Rocker arm cover sludge rating, min 8.0
Sequence IVA (D6891 ) plus
C
L
Average piston skirt varnish rating, min 7.5
Sequence VH (D8256 )
D6593
N
Average engine varnish rating, min 8.9
Oil screen clogging, %, max 20
Hot stuck compression rings none
Average engine sludge, merits, min 7.4
Average rocker cover sludge, merits, min 7.4
Average engine varnish, merits, min 8.6
D8256
Average piston skirt varnish, merits, min 7.4
Oil screen clogging, % area Rate & Report
Hot stuck compression rings None
Bearing weight loss, mg, max 40
D5119
P
O
L-38 (D5119 ) Shear stability
O
or Sequece VIII (D6709 )
Bearing weight loss, mg, max 26.4
D6709
P
Shear stability
Viscosity Grade Performance Criteria
SAE 0W-20,
Bench Test and Measured Parameter
SAE 5W-20,
All Others
SAE 5W-30,
SAE 10W-30
Q
Test Method D4683, D4741, D5481, high temperature/high shear 2.6
viscosity @ 150 °C, mPa·s, min
R S
Test Method D5800 volatility loss, % max 22 20
R S
Test Method D6417 volatility loss at 371 °C, % max 17 15
R S
Test Method D5480 volatility loss at 371 °C, % max 17 15
Test Method D6795 (EOFT), % flow reduction, max 50 50
with 0.6 % H 0 report report
with 1.0 % H 0 report report
Test Method D6794 (EOWTT), % flow reduction, max
with 2.0 % H 0 report report
with 3.0 % H 0 report report
T U
Test Method D4951 or D5185, mass fraction phosphorus, %, max 0.10 NR
Test Method D4951 or D5185, mass fraction phosphorus, %, min 0.06 0.06
(unless valid passing Test Method D5302 results are obtained)
V U
Test Method D92 flash point, °C, min 200 NR
´1
D4485−22
TABLE1 Continued
Viscosity Grade Performance Criteria
SAE 0W-20,
Bench Test and Measured Parameter
SAE 5W-20,
All Others
SAE 5W-30,
SAE 10W-30
V U
Test Methods D93 or D7094 flash point, °C, min 185 NR
W
Sequence I, max, foaming/settling 10/0 10/0
W
Test Method D892 foaming tendency (Option A) Sequence II, max, foaming/settling 50/0 50/0
W
Sequence III, max, foaming/settling 10/0 10/0
X X
Test Method D6082 (optional blending required) Static foam, max, 200/50 200/50
tendency/stability
YY
Test Method D6922 homogeneity and miscibility
Test Method D6335 High temperature deposits (TEOST 33), deposit 60 60
mass, mg, max
U
Test Method D5133 Gelation Index, max 12 NR
API SL Category
Required Test Method Engine Test Rated or Measured Parameter Primary Performance Criteria
Method
Kinematic viscosity, % increase at 40 °C, max 275
C
Average piston skirt varnish rating, min 9.0
H
Weighted piston deposit rating, min 4.0
D6984
I
Screened average cam-plus-lifter wear, µm, max 20
Hot Stuck Rings none
Z
Sequence IIIF (D6984)
Low temperature viscosity performance report
J
or Sequence IIIG (D7320 )
Kinematic viscosity, % increase at 40 °C, max 150
AE
or Sequence IIIH (D8111 K
Weighted piston deposit rating, min 3.5
using Appendix X5 IIIH70 hour
D7320 Cam-plus-lifter wear avg, µm, max 60
guideline)
Hot stuck rings none
AA
Low temperature viscosity performance report
D8111 (Using Ap- 70 h kinematic viscosity, % increase at 40 °C, max 181
pendix X5 IIIH70 70 h average weighted piston deposits, merits, min 3.3
C
hour guideline) 70 h average piston skirt varnish, merits, min 7.9
M
Sequence IVA (D6891) D6891 Cam wear average, µm, max 120
AB,J
Sequence VE (D5302 ) Cam wear average, µm, max 127
D5302
Cam wear max, µm, max 380
C
Average engine sludge rating, min 7.8
C
Rocker arm cover sludge rating, min 8.0
C
Average piston skirt varnish rating, min 7.5
N
Average engine varnish rating, min 8.9
D6593 Oil screen clogging, %, max 20
Hot stuck Compression rings none
Cold stuck rings report
Sequence VG (D6593)or
Oil screen debris, % report
Sequence VH (D8256)
Oil ring clogging, % report
Average engine sludge, merits, min 7.4
Average rocker cover sludge, merits, min 7.4
Average engine varnish, merits, min 8.6
D8256
Average piston skirt varnish, merits, min 7.4
Oil screen clogging, % area Rate & Report
Hot stuck compression rings None
Bearing weight loss, mg, max 26.4
Sequence VIII (D6709) D6709
P
Shear stability
Viscosity Grade Performance Criteria
SAE 0W-20 All Others
Bench Test and Measured Parameter
SAE 5W-20
SAE 5W-30
SAE 10W-30
Q
Test Method D4683, D4741,or D5481, high temperature/high shear viscosity @ 150 °C, mPa·s, min 2.6
Test Method D6557 (Ball Rust Test), average gray value, min 100 100
Test Method D5800 volatility loss, % max 15 15
Test Method D6417 volatility loss at 371 °C, % max 10 10
D6795 (EOFT), % flow reduction, max 50 50
With 0.6 % HO50 50
With 1.0 % HO50 50
D6794 (EOWTT), % flow reduction, max
With 2.0 % HO50 50
With 3.0 % HO50 50
T U
Test Method D4951 or D5185, mass fraction phosphorus %, max 0.10 NR
Test Method D4951 or D5185, mass fraction phosphorus %, min 0.06 0.06
J
(unless valid passing Test Method D5302 results are obtained)
W
Sequence I, max, foaming/settling 10/0 10/0
W
Sequence II, max, foaming/settling 50/0 50/0
Test Method D892 foaming tendency (Option A)
W
Sequence III, max, foaming/settling 10/0 10/0
´1
D4485−22
TABLE1 Continued
Viscosity Grade Performance Criteria
SAE 0W-20 All Others
Bench Test and Measured Parameter
SAE 5W-20
SAE 5W-30
SAE 10W-30
X X
Test Method D6082 (optional blending required) static foam max, tendency/stability 100/0 100/0
YY
Test Method D6922 homogeneity and miscibility
Test Method D7097 high temperature deposits (TEOST MHT-4), deposit mass, mg, max 45 45
AC AD U
Test Method D5133 (Gelation Index), max 12 NR
A
Demonstrate passing performance in either Test Method D5844 or D6557.
B
Monitoring of this test method was discontinued in June 20, 2001. Valid test results shall predate the end of the last calibration period for the test stand in which this test
method was conducted.
C
ASTM Deposit Rating Manual 20, available from ASTM Customer Relations, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
D
Demonstrate passing performance in either Test Method D5533 or D6984. However, an oil passing Test Method D6984 and containing less than 0.08 % mass
J
phosphorus in the form of ZDDP shall also pass the wear limits in Test Method D5302 (see also footnote ).
E
An oil-related stuck ring occurs on a piston with an individual oil ring land deposit rating <2.6.
F
Determine at 60 h.
G
Determine at 80 h.
H
Determine weighted piston deposits by rating the following piston areas and applying the corresponding weightings: undercrown, 10 %; second land, 15 %; third land,
30 %; piston skirt, 10 %; first groove, 5 %; second groove, 10 %; and third groove, 20 %. Use ASTM Deposit Rating Manual 20 for all ratings.
I
Calculate by eliminating the highest and lowest cam-plus-lifter wear results and then calculating an average based on the remaining ten rating positions.
J
For oils containing at least 0.06 % mass phosphorus in the form of ZDDP, demonstrating passing performance in the Sequence IIIG test obviates the need to also conduct
Test Method D5302 (Sequence VE), which was previously required for oils with less than 0.08 % mass phosphorus.
K
Unlike the Sequence IIIF test, piston skirt varnish rating is not required in the Sequence IIIG test.
L
Demonstrate passing performance in Test Method D5302, or alternatively, in both Test Method D6891 and Test Method D6593, or alternatively, in both Test Method D6891
and Test Method D8256.
M
Determine cam wear according to Test Method D6891. Seven wear measurements are made on each cam lobe and the seven measured values are added to obtain
an individual cam lobe wear result. The overall cam wear value is the average of the twelve individual cam lobe wear results.
N
Determine the average engine varnish rating by averaging the piston skirt, right rocker arm cover, and left rocker arm cover varnish ratings. Use ASTM Deposit Rating
Manual 20 for all ratings.
O
Demonstrate passing performance in either Test Method D5119 or D6709.
P
Ten-hour stripped kinematic viscosity (oil shall remain in original viscosity grade).
Q
Minimum high temperature/high shear viscosity @ 150 °C for these viscosity grades as defined in SAE J300.
R
Meet the volatility requirement in either Test Method D5800, D5480,or D6417.
S
Passing volatility loss only required for SAE 15W-40 oils.
T
This is a noncritical specification as described in Practice D3244.
U
NR stands for Not Required.
V
Meet either Test Methods D92, D93,or D7094 flash point requirement.
W
Determine settling volume, in mL, at 10 min.
X
Determine settling volume, in mL, at 1 min.
Y
Homogeneous with SAE reference oils.
Z
Evaluate the 80 h test oil sample by Test Method D4684 at the temperature indicated by the low temperature grade of oil as determined on the 80 h sample by Test Method
D5293.
AA
Measure the viscosity of the EOT oil sample by Test Method D4684. The measured viscosity shall meet the requirements of the original grade or the next higher grade.
The EOT sample can be either from a Sequence IIIG or a Sequence IIIGA test. (A Sequence IIIGA test is identical to a Sequence IIIG test, except only low temperature
viscosity performance is measured.) Additional details are provided in the Sequence IIIG test method, in Section 13.6.
AB
Not required for oils containing a minimum of 0.08 % mass phosphorus in the form of ZDDP.
AC
Requirement applies only to SAE 0W-20, 5W-20, 0W-30, 5W-30, and 10W-30 viscosity grades.
AD
For gelation temperatures at or above the W grade pumpability temperature as defined in SAE J300.
AE
Alternatively, Test Method D8111 (Sequence IIIH) at 90 hours, passing at the API SM level of performance can be used to meet this requirement.
(1) The Sequence VIII gasoline engine test is also used to tates and gels which form in the presence of water and can
determinetheabilityofanoiltoresistpermanentviscosityloss cause oil filter plugging.
due to shearing in an engine. (4) Phosphoruscompoundsinexcessiveamountscancause
4.1.2.6 In addition to passing performance in the engine glazingofautomotivecatalystsandexhaustgasoxygensensors
tests,oilsshallalsomeetbenchtestrequirements(seeTable1), and, thereby, deactivate them. Control of the phosphorus level
which are discussed in the following subsections: in the engine oil may reduce this tendency. For this engine oil
(1) Test Method D6557 (Ball Rust Test), was developed to category, phosphorus content is measured by either Test
replace the Sequence IID gasoline engine test, and evaluates Method D4951 or D5185.
the ability of an oil to prevent the formation of rust under (5) Excessive foaming in engine oil can cause valve lifter
short-trip service conditions. collapse and a loss of lubrication due to the presence of air in
(2) The volatility of engine oils is one of several factors the oil. Test Methods D892 and D6082 empirically rate the
that relates to engine oil consumption. For this engine oil foaming tendency and stability of oils.
category, volatility is measured by Test Methods D5800 and (6) Test Method D6922, the H and M Test indicates the
D6417. compatibility of an oil with standard test oils.
(3) Test Method D6795, the Engine Oil Filterability Test (7) Newer engines designed to provide increased power
(EOFT) and Test Method D6794, the Engine Oil Water and improved driveability and to meet future federal emissions
Tolerance Test (EOWTT) screen for the formation of precipi- and fuel economy requirements may be sensitive to internal
´1
D4485−22
deposits caused by elevated engine operating temperatures. 4.1.3.6 Test Method D5966, the Roller Follower Wear Test,
Test Method D7097, the TEOST MHT-4 test may be useful in hasbeencorrelatedwithhydraulicrollercamfollowerpinwear
determining the piston deposit control capability of oils rec- in medium-duty indirect injection diesel engines used in
ommended for these engines. broadly based field operations.
(8) Test Method D5133, the Gelation Index technique, 4.1.3.7 Test Method D6984, the Sequence IIIF test, is used
mightidentifyoilssusceptibletoairbindingandmightprovide to measure bulk oil viscosity increase, which indicates an oil’s
low-temperature protection not adequately measured by Test ability to withstand the higher temperatures found in modern
Method D4684. diesel engines. (Alternatives are Test Method D7320, the
4.1.2.7 Licensing of the API SL category by the American Sequence IIIG test, or Test Method D8111, the Sequence IIIH
Petroleum Institute (API) requires that candidate oils meet the test using Appendix X4 IIIH60 guideline.)
performancerequirementsinthisspecification,andthattheoils 4.1.3.8 Test Method D6894, the EOAT has been correlated
be tested in accordance with the protocols described in the with oil aeration in diesel engines equipped with HEUI used in
ACC PetroleumAdditives ProductApproval Code of Practice. medium-duty diesel engines.
The methodology detailed in the ACC Code will help ensure 4.1.3.9 Test Method D892, a foaming test, Sequences I, II
that an engine oil meets its intended performance specification. and III, has been shown to predict foaming of engine oils in
diesel engines.
(See Appendix X3 for more information.)
4.1.3.10 Test Method D6594 operated at 135 °C, a High
4.1.3 CH-4—Oil meeting the performance requirements
Temperature Corrosion Bench Test (HTCBT), has been shown
measured in the following diesel and gasoline engine tests and
bench tests. to predict the corrosion of engine oil-lubricated copper and
lead containing components used in diesel engines.
4.1.3.1 Test Method D6750, the 1K diesel engine test, has
4.1.3.11 Test Method D6278, the Diesel Injector ShearTest,
been correlated with vehicles equipped with engines used in
has been shown to correlate with permanent shear loss of
high speed operation prior to 1989, particularly with respect to
engineoilsinmedium-dutydirectinjectiondieselenginesused
aluminum piston deposits and oil consumption when the mass
in broadly based field operations.
fraction of sulfur content is nominally 0.4 %.
4.1.3.12 Test Method D5800, Noack Volatility or,
4.1.3.2 Test Method D6681, the 1P diesel engine test, has
alternatively, Test Method D6417, are used to measure engine
been used to predict iron piston deposit formation and oil
oil volatility loss under high temperature operating conditions.
consumption in four-stroke-cycle, direct injection, diesel en-
4.1.3.13 Licensing of theAPI CH-4 category by theAmeri-
gines that have been calibrated to meet 1998 U.S. federal
can Petroleum Institute (API) requires that candidate oils meet
exhaust emissions requirements for heavy duty engines oper-
the performance requirements in this specification, and that the
ated on fuel containing the mass fraction of sulfur less than
oils be tested in accordance with the protocols described in the
0.05 %.
ACC PetroleumAdditives ProductApproval Code of Practice.
4.1.3.3 Test Method D6483, the T-9 diesel engine test, has
The methodology detailed in the ACC Code will help ensure
been correlated with vehicles equipped with engines used in
that an engine oil meets its intended performance specification.
high speed operation prior to 1998, particularly in regard to
(See Appendix X3 for more information.)
ring and liner wear and used oil lead content. (Alternatives
4.1.4 CI-4—Oil meeting the performance requirements
are Test Method D6987/D6987M, the T-10 diesel engine
measured in the following diesel and gasoline engine tests and
test—see 4.1.4.2, and Test Method D7422, the T-12 diesel
bench tests.
engine test—see 4.1.3.2.)
4.1.4.1 Test Method D6923, the 1R single cylinder diesel
4.1.3.4 Test Method D5967 extended, the T-8E engine test,
engine test is used to measure engine oil performance with
has been shown to generate soot-related oil thickening in a
respect to piston deposits, oil consumption, piston and piston
manner similar to 1998 emissions-controlled heavy duty diesel
ring scuffing, and ring sticking using a two-piece iron/
engines using electronic injection control systems.
aluminum piston similar to that used in modern, production
4.1.3.5 Test Method D6838, The M11 High Soot diesel
heavy-duty diesel engines. (An alternative is Test Method
engine test has been correl
...
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