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ASTM E1382-97(2023)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis

Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the mean grain size, and the distribution of grain intercept lengths or grain areas, for polycrystalline metals and nonmetallic materials with equiaxed or deformed grain shapes, with uniform or duplex grain size distributions, and for single phase or multiphase grain structures.  
5.2 The measurements are performed using semiautomatic digitizing tablet image analyzers or automatic image analyzers. These devices relieve much of the tedium associated with manual measurements, thus permitting collection of a larger amount of data and more extensive sampling which will produce better statistical definition of the grain size than by manual methods.  
5.3 The precision and relative accuracy of the test results depend on the representativeness of the specimen or specimens, quality of specimen preparation, clarity of the grain boundaries (etch technique and etchant used), the number of grains measured or the measurement area, errors in detecting grain boundaries or grain interiors, errors due to detecting other features (carbides, inclusions, twin boundaries, and so forth), the representativeness of the fields measured, and programming errors.  
5.4 Results from these test methods may be used to qualify material for shipment in accordance with guidelines agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer, to compare different manufacturing processes or process variations, or to provide data for structure-property-behavior studies.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are used to determine grain size from measurements of grain intercept lengths, intercept counts, intersection counts, grain boundary length, and grain areas.  
1.2 These measurements are made with a semiautomatic digitizing tablet or by automatic image analysis using an image of the grain structure produced by a microscope.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to any type of grain structure or grain size distribution as long as the grain boundaries can be clearly delineated by etching and subsequent image processing, if necessary.  
1.4 These test methods are applicable to measurement of other grain-like microstructures, such as cell structures.  
1.5 This standard deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability or fitness for purpose of the materials tested.  
1.6 The sections appear in the following order:    
Section  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Definitions  
3.1  
Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard  
3.2  
Symbols  
3.3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Interferences  
6  
Apparatus  
7  
Sampling  
8  
Test Specimens  
9  
Specimen Preparation  
10  
Calibration  
11  
Procedure:  
Semiautomatic Digitizing Tablet  
12  
Intercept Lengths  
12.3  
Intercept and Intersection Counts  
12.4  
Grain Counts  
12.5  
Grain Areas  
12.6  
ALA Grain Size  
12.6.1  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
12.7  
Procedure:  
Automatic Image Analysis  
13  
Grain Boundary Length  
13.5  
Intersection Counts  
13.6  
Mean Chord (Intercept) Length/Field  
13.7.2  
Individual Chord (Intercept) Lengths  
13.7.4  
Grain Counts  
13.8  
Mean Grain Area/Field  
13.9  
Individual Grain Areas  
13.9.4  
ALA Grain Size  
13.9.8  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
13.10  
Calculation of Results  
14  
Test Report  
15  
Precision and Bias  
16  
Grain Size of Non-Equiaxed Grain Structure Specimens  
Annex A1  
Examples of Proper and Improper Grain Boundary Delineation  
Annex A2  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental pra...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2023
ICS
13.300 - Protection against dangerous goods
Technical Committee
E04 - Metallography
Drafting Committee
E04.14 - Quantitative Metallography
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1382-97(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image AnalysisASTM E1382-97(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
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ASTM E1382-97(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1382 − 97 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and
1
Automatic Image Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1382; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
These test methods may be used to determine the mean grain size, or the distribution of grain
intercept lengths or areas, in metallic and nonmetallic polycrystalline materials. The test methods may
be applied to specimens with equiaxed or elongated grain structures with either uniform or duplex
grain size distributions. Either semiautomatic or automatic image analysis devices may be utilized to
perform the measurements.
1. Scope
Section Section
Summary of Test Method 4
1.1 These test methods are used to determine grain size
Significance and Use 5
from measurements of grain intercept lengths, intercept counts, Interferences 6
Apparatus 7
intersection counts, grain boundary length, and grain areas.
Sampling 8
Test Specimens 9
1.2 These measurements are made with a semiautomatic
Specimen Preparation 10
digitizing tablet or by automatic image analysis using an image
Calibration 11
of the grain structure produced by a microscope.
Procedure:
Semiautomatic Digitizing Tablet 12
1.3 These test methods are applicable to any type of grain
Intercept Lengths 12.3
structure or grain size distribution as long as the grain Intercept and Intersection Counts 12.4
Grain Counts 12.5
boundaries can be clearly delineated by etching and subsequent
Grain Areas 12.6
image processing, if necessary.
ALA Grain Size 12.6.1
Two-Phase Grain Structures 12.7
1.4 These test methods are applicable to measurement of
Procedure:
other grain-like microstructures, such as cell structures.
Automatic Image Analysis 13
Grain Boundary Length 13.5
1.5 This standard deals only with the recommended test
Intersection Counts 13.6
methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or Mean Chord (Intercept) Length/Field 13.7.2
Individual Chord (Intercept) Lengths 13.7.4
establishing limits of acceptability or fitness for purpose of the
Grain Counts 13.8
materials tested.
Mean Grain Area/Field 13.9
Individual Grain Areas 13.9.4
1.6 The sections appear in the following order:
ALA Grain Size 13.9.8
Two-Phase Grain Structures 13.10
Section Section
Scope 1 Calculation of Results 14
Test Report 15
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3 Precision and Bias 16
Grain Size of Non-Equiaxed Grain Structure Annex
Definitions 3.1
Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.2 Specimens A1
Examples of Proper and Improper Grain Boundary Annex
Symbols 3.3
Delineation A2
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Metallography and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.14 on
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Quantitative Metallography.
Current edition approved April 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1382 – 97(2015).
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
DOI: 10.1520/E1382-97R23.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1382 − 97 (2023)
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.2.6 watershed segmentation—an iterative image amend-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- ment procedure in which each grain, or other features, is
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
eroded to a single pixel, without loosing that pixel (''ultimate
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
erosion”); this is followed by dilation without touching to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
rebuild the grain structure with a very thin line (grain bound-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
aries) separating each grain.
3.3 Symbols:
2. Referenced Documents
α = the phase of interest for grain size measurement in a
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
two-phase (constituent) microstructure.
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
¯
A = average area of α grains in a two-phase (constituent)
α
E7 Terminology Relating to
...

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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines detailed methods for thermal qualification of “Type B” radioactive materials packages under Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 71 (10CFR71) in the United States or, under International Atomic Energy Agency Regulation SSR-6. Under these regulations, packages transporting what are designated to be Type B quantities of radioactive material shall be demonstrated to be capable of withstanding a sequence of hypothetical accidents without significant release of contents.  
1.2 The unit system (SI metric or English) used for thermal qualification shall be agreed upon prior to submission of information to the certification authority. If SI units are to be standard, then use IEEE/ASTM SI-10. Additional units given in parentheses are for information purposes only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
    38 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM F1011-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Developing a Hazardous Materials Training Curriculum for Initial Response Personnel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide summarizes the typical contents of a course to aid emergency response team training organizations in selecting important subjects for inclusion in existing or new training programs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a format for a hazardous materials spill initial response team training curriculum. This guide is designed to assist trainers of initial response personnel in assessing the content of training curriculum by providing guidelines for subject content against which these curricula may be evaluated. The guide should be tailored by the trainer to fit specific circumstances that are present in the community or industry where a spill may occur.  
1.2 Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of this guide identify those training areas that should be considered in a curriculum. The area of preplanning is listed and this topic should be seriously considered by the user. Training is only a small part of an overall spill response contingency plan. A properly equipped and trained spill response team cannot operate without a previously agreed plan of attack.  
1.3 Currently the U.S. Code of Federal Regulation 29 CFR 1910.120, 40 CFR 112 Subpart B, 40 CFR 264 Subpart D, 40 CFR 265 Subpart D, and 49 CFR 172 Subpart H specify that producers, handlers, and shippers of hazardous materials shall plan and train for hazardous spill response. Additional training may be required for shipments by vessel (49 CFR 176.13) and highway (49 CFR 177.800). Regardless of the above regulatory requirements, training is essential to a proper response in an emergency.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Guide
    5 pages
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ASTM
ASTM E2851/E2851M-13(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Ruggedness Requirements for HAZMAT Instrumentation

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the ruggedness requirements for equipment used in Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) instrumentation, including devices used to detect or monitor for hazardous material. It defines for design and test purposes the environment in which HAZMAT equipment will likely be exposed during storage, transport, and field use. Passive personal protective equipment such as respirators and protective suits are not covered. The specification addresses materials and manufacture, physical and mechanical properties, performance and environmental requirements, dimensions, mass and permissible variations, workmanship, and finish and appearance. Definitions of terms specific to this standard are provided, including body-worn, hand-carried, mobile, portable, and transportable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes the ruggedness requirements for equipment used during Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) operations. The conditions defined by this specification include those related to equipment storage, transport, and field use.  
1.2 This specification does not address passive personal protective equipment (PPE) such as respirators and protective suits.  
1.3 The equipment addressed by this specification includes devices used to detect or monitor for hazardous material.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. When using a HAZMAT instrument, follow the manufacturer’s guidance and appropriate safety practices for the threat expected or suspected in the environment where the instrument will be used.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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