ASTM B962-23

Standard Test Methods for Density of Compacted or Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedes’ Principle

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The volume of a complex shaped PM part cannot be measured accurately using micrometers or calipers. Since density is mass per unit volume, a precise method for measuring the volume is needed. Archimedes’ principle may be used to calculate the volume of water displaced by an immersed object. For this to be applicable to PM materials that contain surface connected porosity, the surface pores are sealed by oil impregnation or some other means.  
5.2 The green density of compacted parts or test pieces is normally determined to assist during press set-up, or for quality control purposes. It is also used for determining the compressibility of base powders, mixed powders, and premixes.  
5.3 The sintered density of sintered PM parts and sintered PM test specimens is used as a quality control measure.  
5.4 The impregnated density of sintered bearings is normally measured for quality control purposes as bearings are generally supplied and used oil-impregnated.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes a method for measuring the density of powder metallurgy products that usually have surface-connected porosity.  
1.2 The density of impermeable PM materials, those materials that do not gain mass when immersed in water, may be determined using Test Method B311.  
1.3 The current method is applicable to green compacts, sintered parts, and green and sintered test specimens.  
1.4 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2023
• ICS: 77.160 - Powder metallurgy
• Technical Committee: B09 - Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products
• Drafting Committee: B09.04 - Bearings

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B962 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Density of Compacted or Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM)
1
Products Using Archimedes’ Principle
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B962; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)
Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
1.1 This standard describes a method for measuring the
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
density of powder metallurgy products that usually have
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
surface-connected porosity.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 The density of impermeable PM materials, those mate-
rials that do not gain mass when immersed in water, may be
3. Terminology
determined using Test Method B311.
3.1 Definitions of powder metallurgy (PM) terms can be
1.3 The current method is applicable to green compacts,
found in Terminology B243. Additional descriptive material is
sintered parts, and green and sintered test specimens.
available under “General Information on PM” on the ASTM
1.4 With the exception of the values for density and the
B09 web page.
mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram
3
per cubic centimetre (g/cm ) and gram (g) units is the long-
4. Summary of Test Method
standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI
4.1 The test specimen is first weighed in air. It is then oil
units are provided for information only and are not considered
impregnated or some other treatment is used to seal the
standard.
surface-connected porosity and the specimen is reweighed. The
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the test specimen is then weighed when immersed in water and its
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
density calculated based on Archimedes’ principle.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
5. Significance and Use
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 The volume of a complex shaped PM part cannot be
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
measured accurately using micrometers or calipers. Since
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
density is mass per unit volume, a precise method for measur-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ing the volume is needed. Archimedes’ principle may be used
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
to calculate the volume of water displaced by an immersed
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. object. For this to be applicable to PM materials that contain
surface connected porosity, the surface pores are sealed by oil
2. Referenced Documents
impregnation or some other means.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.2 The green density of compacted parts or test pieces is
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
normally determined to assist during press set-up, or for quality
1 control purposes. It is also used for determining the compress-
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on
Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and are the direct responsibility of
ibility of base powders, mixed powders, and premixes.
Subcommittee B09.04 on Bearings.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2023. Published September 2023. Originally
5.3 The sintered density of sintered PM parts and sintered
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as B962 – 17. DOI:
PM test specimens is used as a quality control measure.
10.1520/B0962-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.4 The impregnated density of sintered bearings is nor-
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
mally measured for quality control purposes as bearings are
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. generally supplied and used oil-impregnated.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: B962 − 17 B962 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Density of Compacted or Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM)
1
Products Using Archimedes’ Principle
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B962; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This standard describes a method for measuring the density of powder metallurgy products that usually have surface-connected
porosity.
1.2 The density of impermeable PM materials, those materials that do not gain mass when immersed in water, may be determined
using Test Method B311.
1.3 The current method is applicable to green compacts, sintered parts, and green and sintered test specimens.
1.4 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic
3
centimetre (g/cm ) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in inch-poundSI units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to after SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B09.04 on Bearings.
Current edition approved April 1, 2017Sept. 1, 2023. Published May 2017September 2023. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 20152017 as
B962 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/B0962-17.17. DOI: 10.1520/B0962-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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B962 − 23
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of powder metallurgy (PM) terms can be found in Terminology B243. Additional descriptive material is available
in the Related Material section of Vol. 02.05 of the under “General Information on PM” on the Annual Book of ASTM
Standards.ASTM B09 web page.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 green density (D )—the mass per unit volume of an unsintered PM part or test specimen.
g
3.2.2 impregnated density (D )—the mass per unit volume of a sintered PM part or test specimen, impregnated with oil.
i
3.2.3 sintered density (D )—the mass per unit volume of a sintered, non oil-impregnated PM part or test specimen.
s
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The test specimen is first weighed in air. It is then oil impregnated or some other treatment is used to seal the surface-connected
porosity and the specimen is reweighed. The test specimen is then weighed when immersed in water and its density calculated
based on Archimedes’ principle.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The volume of a complex shaped PM part cannot be measured accurately using micrometers or calipers. Since density is mass
per unit volume, a precise method for measuring the volume is needed. Archimedes’ principle may be used to
...