ASTM D3376-88(2000)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of cellulosic pulps for use in the manufacture of electrical insulating papers and boards or in the direct application of pulp fibers as insulation to electrical conductors. Note 1-The significance of any one pulp property test method, as set forth herein, should be considered with discretion depending on the product made from the pulp.
1.2 Sections on Reagents, Sampling, and Report are integral parts of each of the individual test methods that follow.
1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure of either a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheet formed from the pulp.
1.3.1 Bulk characteristics determinable by these procedures appear in the following sections: ASTM TAPPI Sec- Method Method Procedure tions Reference Reference Aqueous Extract Conductivity 8-9 D 202 ... Aqueous Extract pH 10-11 D 202 ... Aqueous Extractable Acidity- 12-13 D 202 ... Alkalinity Analysis of Ash for Cations by 73-81 D 1193 and D 2576 ... Atomic Absorption Spectro- photometry Ash Content 82-85 D 202 T 413 Dirt in Pulp 42-43 ... T 213 Fiber Analysis 24-25 D 202 and D 1030 ... Fiber Length of Pulp 44-45 ... T 232, T 233 Freeness (Canadian Standard 56-57 ... T 227 Freeness) Kappa Number/Permanganate 28-29 ... T 236, Number (Substances Oxidiz- UM251 able by Permanganate) Laboratory Processing of Pulp 54-55 ... T 200 (Beater Method) Moisture in Pulp 32-34 ... T 210 Neutral Aqueous Extractable 16-23 D 202, D 1126, and ... Hardness in Pulp D 2576 Pentosan Content of Pulp 30-31 ... T 223 Resistance of Pulp to Disinte- 46-53 ... T 239, gration (Standard RPG) UM 252 Shive Count 35-41 ... ... Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp 26-27 D 202 ... Tensile Properties 68-72 D 202 ... Water-Extractable Chlorides 14-15 D 202 ...
1.3.2 Handsheet characteristics determinable by these procedures appear in the following sections: ASTM TAPPI Sec- Method Method Procedure tion Reference Reference Air Resistance (Porosity) 60-61 D 202 T 205 Apparent Density 66-67 D 202 T 205 Bursting Strength 62-63 D 202 and D 774 T 205 Folding Endurance (M.I.T.) 54-55 D 202 and D 2176 T 205 Forming Handsheets for Physical 58-59 ... T 205 Tests of Pulp Tensile Strength 68-69 D 202 and D 828 T 205
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation:D3376–88 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Methods of
Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture
of Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3376; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Moisture in Pulp 32-34 . T 210
Neutral Aqueous Extractable 16-23 D 202, D 1126, and .
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of
Hardness in Pulp D 2576
cellulosic pulps for use in the manufacture of electrical
Pentosan Content of Pulp 30 and . T 223
insulatingpapersandboardsorinthedirectapplicationofpulp
Resistance of Pulp to Disinte- 46-53 . T 239,
fibers as insulation to electrical conductors.
gration (Standard RPG) UM 252
Shive Count 35-41 . .
NOTE 1—The significance of any one pulp property test method, as set
Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp 26 and D 202 .
forth herein, should be considered with discretion depending on the
product made from the pulp.
Tensile Properties 68-72 D 202 .
Water-Extractable Chlorides 14 and D 202 .
1.2 SectionsonReagents,Sampling,andReportareintegral
parts of each of the individual test methods that follow.
1.3.2 Handsheet characteristics determinable by these pro-
1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure of
cedures appear in the following sections:
either a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheet
ASTM TAPPI
formed from the pulp.
Sec- Method Method
1.3.1 Bulk characteristics determinable by these procedures
Procedure tion Reference Reference
appear in the following sections:
Air Resistance (Porosity) 60 and D 202 T 205
ASTM TAPPI
Sec- Method Method
Apparent Density 66 and D 202 T 205
Procedure tions Reference Reference
Bursting Strength 62 and D 202 and D 774 T 205
Aqueous Extract Conductivity 8 and 9 D 202 .
Aqueous Extract pH 10 and D 202 .
Folding Endurance (M.I.T.) 54 and D 202 and D 2176 T 205
Aqueous Extractable Acidity- 12 and D 202 .
Forming Handsheets for 58 and . T 205
Alkalinity 13
Physical Tests of Pulp 59
Analysis of Ash for Cations by 73-81 D 1193 and D 2576 .
Tensile Strength 68 and D 202 and D 828 T 205
Atomic Absorption Spectro-
photometry
Ash Content 82-85 D 202 T 413
NOTE 2—Methods for Ash, Silica, selected cations from Ash, Heat
Dirt in Pulp 42 and . T 213
Stability, a, b, and g Cellulose, Viscosity, Total Chlorine, Tear, and
Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity, will be considered for
Fiber Analysis 24 and D 202 and D 1030 .
addition as methods are developed.
Fiber Length of Pulp 44 and . T 232,
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
45 T 233
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Freeness (Canadian Standard 56 and . T 227
Freeness) 57
only.
Kappa Number/Permanganate 28 and . T 236,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Number (Substances Oxi- 29 UM 251
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
dizable by Permanganate)
Laboratory Processing of Pulp 54 and . T 200
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(Beater Method) 55
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
2. Referenced Documents
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Subcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.
Current edition approved Nov. 25, 1988. Published May 1989. Originally
published as D3776–75. Last previous edition D3776–83.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3376–88 (2000)
D202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated 4. Summary of Test Methods
Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
4.1 These test methods describe the specific procedures for
D774 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper
testingthepropertiesofpulp,bothinitsoriginalbulkformand
D828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and
after it has been formed into a handsheet in the testing
Paperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Appara-
laboratory.
tus
D1030 Test Method for FiberAnalysis of Paper and Paper- 5. Reagents
board
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Use reagent grade chemicals in all
D1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water
tests.Unlessotherwiseindicated,itisintendedthatallreagents
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on
D2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the
Analytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society, where
M.I.T. Tester
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used,
D2576 Test Method for Metals in Water and Waste Water
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
D3376 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Pulps to be
the determination.
Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
5.2 Purity of Water—Unlessotherwiseindicated,references
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
to water shall be understood to mean water conforming to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
Specification D1193, Type III.
2.2 TAPPI Standards:
6. Sampling
T200 Laboratory Processing of Pulp (Beater Method)
T205 Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of Pulp
6.1 Terminology regarding sampling and evaluation termi-
T210 Weighing, Sampling, and Testing Pulp for Moisture
nology shall conform to those in the sampling sections of Test
T213 Dirt in Pulp
Methods D202.
T220 Physical Testing of Pulp Handsheets
6.2 Obtainthesampleofpulpfromthelottobeevaluatedin
T221 Drainage Time of Pulp
a manner that will maximize the probability that a representa-
T222 Insoluble Lignin in Wood and Pulp
tive sample is collected. Where practicable, use one of the
T223 Pentosans in Wood and Pulp
sampling plans shown in Test Methods D202. Protect the
T227 Freeness of Pulp
material sample from contamination during handling and
T232 Fiber Length of Pulp by Projection transporting to a laboratory for testing. The instructions for
T233 Fiber Length of Pulp by Classification preparationofspecimensaregiveninthesectionspertainingto
T236 Kappa Number of Pulp the individual property tests. Take the sample for moisture
content in accordance with TAPPI T210.
T413 Ash in Paper and Paperboard
6.3 Conditionsamplesinacontainersuitableforpreventing
T445 Identification of Specks and Spots in Paper
moisture variation over the period of testing. When test
T1002 Drainage Time for Insulating Board
specimens are drawn, determine the moisture content of the
UM203 Freeness of Pulp (William Tester)
materialtoallowcorrectionofweightstomoisture-freeequiva-
UM251 Permanganate Number of Pulp
lent weight.
UM252 Resistance of Pulp and Paper Stock to Disintegra-
tion
7. Report
7.1 At the completion of any or all of the following tests,
3. Terminology
report the test results (as defined in 6.1) of the pulp properties
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
with identifying units as follows:
3.1.1 pulp, n—a fibrous material that is made by chemical
7.1.1 Identification of the pulp sampled and tested by lot
or mechanical treatment, or both, of wood, cotton, hemp, or
number, type, grade, etc.,
other cellulosic fiber to achieve substantially separate fibers
7.1.2 Dates of testing,
that are suitable for a sheet-forming process.
7.1.3 Location of the testing laboratory and the person
NOTE 3—Electricalinsulationmadefrompulpmaybepapersorboards
responsible for the testing,
used for capacitors, transformer coils, creped papers, etc. It may also be
7.1.4 Remarks indicating method or procedures used and
pulp applied directly onto electrical conductors.
the deviation, if any, from the standard test procedures,
7.1.5 Indication of the variance in test measurements (as
defined in 6.1) such as high, low, standard deviation, etc., and
7.1.6 Any information particular to the cited procedure.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
5 9
Discontinued; see 1980 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 31. Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02. Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
TAPPI Standards and Provisional Methods are available from Technical Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, One Dunwoody Park, Atlanta, GA and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
30338. MD.
D3376–88 (2000)
7.2 Reportthetestresults(asdefinedin6.1)ascalculatedor 13. Procedure
observed values rounded to the nearest unit in the last
13.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
right-hand place of figures used in the material specification to
weight equivalent to1gof moisture-free pulp.
express the limiting value. (See the rounding method of
Practice E29.)
WATER-EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDES
AQUEOUS EXTRACT CONDUCTIVITY 14. Significance and Use
14.1 The occurrence of significant amounts of chloride ion
8. Significance and Use
in a pulp may lead to the incorporation of the ion in the
8.1 The conductivity of the water extract of electrical grade
electrical insulation made from the pulp. The presence of
pulp results from electrolytic impurities in the pulp which may
chloride ions may adversely affect the electrical properties and
be present as ionizable acids, bases, salts, or a combination of
service life of the insulation. This test is useful for routine
these. The presence of electrolytic impurities in electrical
acceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, and
insulation is undesirable as they tend to lower insulation
research testing.
resistance and have corrosion-producing tendencies under
15. Procedure
conditions of applied potential. When comparing test data it
should be noted that the extract conductivity of pulps, espe-
15.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
cially those of high purity, may change with time after
weight equivalent to4gof moisture-free pulp. For pulps with
manufacturing. This test is useful for routine acceptance
higher levels of chloride (greater than 30 ppm) 10 min of
testing,thecomparisonofdifferentpulps,andresearchwork.
masceration as in the above method for aqueous extract
conductivity may be used to hasten the extraction followed by
9. Procedure
1 h refluxing as in Test Methods D202. When the chloride
9.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen content is less than 30 ppm, masceration is not permitted. The
weight equivalent to1gof moisture-free pulp.
appropriate extraction time must be determined to give com-
plete extraction of the chloride for each pulp type. Times
AQUEOUS EXTRACT pH
greater than 1 h may be necessary.
10. Significance and Use
NEUTRALAQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE HARDNESS
PULP
10.1 The extract pH determination measures the degree to
which a pulp alters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure
16. Terminology
water. The test gives a measure of the active acidity or
16.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
alkalinity of the pulp extract. The presence of active acidic or
16.1.1 aqueous extractable hardness, n—the amount of
alkaline contaminants in a pulp may result in their being
calcium and magnesium present in pulp and which may be
incorporated into the electrical insulation made from the pulp,
extracted by hot neutral water under prescribed conditions.
andcanleadtoadeteriorationoftheinsulationinservice.This
16.1.2 hardness, n—a characteristic of water that represents
test is useful for routine acceptance testing, the comparison of
the total concentration of calcium and magnesium in the water
different pulps, and research work.
expressed as parts per million (ppm) CaCO .
11. Procedure
17. Significance and Use
11.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
17.1 Cellulose pulps may contain varying amounts of aque-
weight equivalent to1gof moisture-free pulp.
ous extractable hardness as supplied to the purchaser. The
AQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE ACIDITY-ALKALINITY dissolved hardness from the pulp may accumulate in process
water used in wet-forming methods and may interfere with the
12. Significance and Use
actionofprocessadditivesandaffectproductqualityadversely.
17.2 MethodAisthepreferredmethodandshallbeusedfor
12.1 The extract acidity-alkalinity determination for a pulp
reference purposes.
measures the quantity of extracted ionizable material, which
alters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure water. The
METHOD A
presence of active acidic or alkaline contaminants in a pulp
may result in their being incorporated into the electrical
18. Procedure
insulation made from the pulp, and can lead to a deterioration
18.1 Extraction:
of the insulation in service. This test is useful for routine
18.1.1 Prepare extracts of the pulp specimens in accordance
acceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, and
with the Test Methods D202 method for aqueous extract
research.
conductivity, except:
18.1.2 Use a specimen weight equivalent to 2.0 g of
moisture-free pulp. Determine the moisture content of the pulp
For more detailed information see Paper and Paperboard—Characteristics,
sample on a separate specimen taken at the same time as the
Nomenclature, and Significance of Tests, ASTM STP 60 B,Am. Soc. Testing Mats.,
1963, pp. 59–61. test specimen.
D3376–88 (2000)
NOTE 4—For accurate results the analyst should have considerable
18.1.3 The extraction volume shall be 200 mL.
trainingandexperience.Theanalystshouldmakefrequentuseofstandard
18.1.4 Run a blank determination concurrently with the test
fiber sources of known composition, or of authentic fiber samples, and be
specimen determination.
thoroughly familiar with different fibers and their behavior when treated
18.1.5 Following extraction and filtration, collect the clear
with the various stains.
filtrate and adjust the volume to exactly 200 mL.
18.2 Determine the calcium and magnesium concentration 25. Procedure
of the extract in accordance with Test Method D2576
...
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