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ASTM C157/C157M-99

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete

Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the length changes of hardened hydraulic-cement mortar and concrete due to causes other than externally applied forces and temperature changes.  
1.2 The term "length change," as used here, is defined as an increase or decrease in a linear dimension of a test specimen which has been caused to change by any factor other than externally applied forces and temperature changes.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-1999
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.68 - Volume Change
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C157/C157M-03 - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM C331/C331M-23 - Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C233/C233M-18 - Standard Test Method for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C311/C311M-22 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C688-22 - Standard Specification for Functional Additions for Use in Hydraulic Cements
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C330/C330M-23 - Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C1709-22 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C666/C666M-15 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C1856/C1856M-17 - Standard Practice for Fabricating and Testing Specimens of Ultra-High Performance Concrete
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C183/C183M-23 - Standard Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of Hydraulic Cement
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C1731-21 - Standard Specification for Concrete Floor Tile
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C1293-20a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C928/C928M-20a - Standard Specification for Packaged, Dry, Rapid-Hardening Cementitious Materials for Concrete Repairs
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C1012/C1012M-18b - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999
Referred By
ASTM C1622/C1622M-10(2016)e1 - Standard Specification for Cold-Weather Admixture Systems
Effective Date
10-Jul-1999

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ASTM C157/C157M-99 - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and ConcreteASTM C157/C157M-99 - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete
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ASTM C157/C157M-99 - Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 157/C 157M – 99
Standard Test Method for
Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and
1
Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 157/C 157M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
2
Concrete
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the length
C 511 Specification for Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and
changes that are produced by causes other than externally
Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic
applied forces and temperature changes in hardened hydraulic-
2
Cements and Concretes
cement mortar and concrete specimens made in the laboratory
C 596 Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Con-
and exposed in the laboratory to controlled conditions of
2
taining Portland Cement
temperature and moisture.
E 11 Specification for Wire and Cloth Sieves for Testing
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to
4
Purposes
regarded separately as standard. An exception is with regard to
E 337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in which the SI
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb
values are the standard as stated in Specification E 11. Within
5
Temperatures)
the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3. Terminology
system must be used independently of the other, without
3.1 Definitions—The terms used in this test method are
combining values in any way.
defined in Terminology C 125.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 length change, n—an increase or decrease in the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
length of a test specimen that has been caused to change by any
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
factor other than externally applied forces and temperature
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
changes.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Measurement of length change permits assessment of
C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
the potential for volumetric expansion or contraction of mortar
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube
2 or concrete due to various causes other than applied force or
Specimens)
temperature change. This test method is particularly useful for
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete
3 comparative evaluation of this potential in different hydraulic-
Aggregates
cement mortar or concrete mixtures.
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Ce-
3 4.2 This test method may provide useful information for
ment Concrete
3 experimental purposes or for products that require testing
C 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
under nonstandard mixing, placing, handling, or curing condi-
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
3 tions, such as high product workability or different demolding
Test Specimens in the Laboratory
times. Standard conditions are described in 5.4.1.
C 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
2 4.3 If conditions for mixing, curing, sampling, and storage
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
other than specified in this test method are required, they shall
C 490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination
be reported but are not to be considered as standard conditions
of this test method. Nonstandard conditions shall be reported
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-9 on Concrete
clearly and prominently with comparator values, and the
and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.68 on
reasons for departure from standard conditions also shall be
Methods of Testing for Volume Changes of Concrete and Concrete Aggregates.
Current edition approved July 10, 1999. Published July 1999. Originally
published as C 157 – 40 T. Last previous edition C 157 – 93.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and repla
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal power curves are used to evaluate the isothermal hydration kinetics of the combined mixture of different materials during the early period after being mixed with water. These isothermal power curves, or hydration profiles, may provide indications relative to setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance and early strength development. The isothermal hydration profiles can also be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as curing temperature. Special care must be used in evaluating extended retardation with paste specimens, which have been shown to overestimate the retardation of some mixtures containing cement, SCM, and admixtures.  
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5.3 Although this technique has been used historically to understand issues related to setting and slump loss, it must be emphasized that isothermal calorimetry results cannot predict concrete performance definitely, either positively or negatively. Extensive verification in concrete at planned dosages and temperatures, and at higher dosages, is needed. Isothermal calorimetry is an effective tool to identify sensitivities, so that concrete testing can be efficiently planned and performed.  
5.4 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.5 The procedure and apparatus can be used to monitor the thermal power from pastes and mortars alone or in combination with chemical admixtures.  
5.6 The isothermal calorimeter described here can be used to measure the thermal power and heat of hydration of mortars prepared independently or obtained by wet sieving from concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C1...
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1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for measuring relative differences in hydration kinetics of hydraulic cementitious mixtures, either in paste or mortar (see Note 1), including those containing admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and other fine materials by measuring the thermal power using an isothermal calorimeter.
Note 1: Paste specimens are often preferred for mechanistic research when details of individual reaction peaks are important or for particular calorimetry configurations. Mortar specimens may give results that have better correlation with concrete setting and early strength development and are often preferred to evaluate different mixture proportions for concrete. Both paste and mortar studies have been found to be effective in evaluating concrete field problems due to incompatibility of materials used in concrete mixtures.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the measurement of heat of hydration. Heat of hydration can be determined according to Test Method C1702.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
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Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete

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4.1 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) covered under existing ASTM specifications are fly ash, slag cement, raw and calcined natural pozzolans including calcined clays, silica fume, and ground-glass pozzolan. The use of these materials, and limits established in existing specifications, are based on data obtained from research programs, field testing, and long term performance monitoring. Performance of SCM in specific concrete mixtures is commonly verified through preconstruction testing. This guide provides an approach to assessing the properties of materials that are not covered under existing specifications, and for assessing the performance of those materials in concrete.  
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4.3 In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable field performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropriate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an ASCM.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a technical approach to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. This guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for all types of concrete mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this guide should not imply that the material tested meets the requirements of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. These materials should not be represented as such and each specific source is to be evaluated separately.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1753/C1753M-21a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Early Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Thermal Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative early hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.2 Thermal profiles are used to evaluate the hydration behavior of hydraulic cementitious mixtures after the addition of water. They may provide indications concerning setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance, relative heat of hydration, and early strength development. They can be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as the initial mixture and test temperatures. Thermal profile testing is an effective tool for identifying performance sensitivities or trends, and may help to reduce the number of concrete test mixtures required to develop and qualify mixtures, especially those to be subject to variable ambient environments. It may be used by concrete producers, materials suppliers, and other practitioners to support mixture development, selection of material types or sources, optimization of proportions, or troubleshooting of field problems.  
5.3 This practice can be used to understand concrete problems related to slump loss, setting, and early strength, but results may not predict field concrete performance. Performance verification with concrete is needed to quantify the trends identified using thermal testing.  
5.4 This practice can be used to evaluate the effects of chemical admixtures on the thermal profiles of cementitious mixtures. This can be especially useful in selecting dosages appropriate for different ambient conditions.  
5.5 Thermal measurement testing as described in this practice may have similar significance and use as isothermal calorimetry described by Practice C1679 or some types of near-adiabatic calorimetry. The selection of which practice or methods to use may depend on specific applications and circumstances. The thermal profiles obtained by this practic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating relative differences in early hydration of hydraulic cementitious mixtures such as paste, mortar, or concrete, including those containing chemical admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and other finely divided materials, by measuring the temperature history of a specimen.  
1.2 Calorimetry is the measurement of heat lost or gained during a chemical reaction such as cement hydration; calorimetric measurements as a function of time can be used to describe and evaluate hydration and related early-age property development. Calorimetry may be performed under isothermal conditions (as described in Practice C1679) or under adiabatic or semi-adiabatic conditions. This practice cannot be described as calorimetry because no attempt is made to measure or compute the heat evolved from test specimens due to hydration, but it can in many cases be used for similar evaluations. Variables that should be considered in the application of this practice are discussed in the Appendix.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Warning: Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
1.5 This...

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ASTM
ASTM C1697-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers blended supplementary cementitious materials that result from the blending or intergrinding of two or three ASTM compliant supplementary cementitious materials, for use in concrete or mortar where hydraulic or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired. The supplementary cementitious materials include slag cement conforming to Specification C989/C989M, natural pozzolans and coal fly ash conforming to Specification C618 and silica fume conforming to Specification C1240.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials as separate additions or as a manufactured blend may significantly alter the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The user should be aware of these changes and is referred to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice2 for information and guidelines. Specific reference is made to:    
ACI 232.1R  
Use of Natural Pozzolans in Concrete  
ACI 232.2R  
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete  
ACI 233R  
Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar  
ACI 234R  
Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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