ASTM D1107-21

• Abstract:

  SIGNIFICANCE AND USE; 2.1 The ethanol-toluene extract of wood consists of the soluble materials not generally considered part of the wood polymeric structure. They are primarily the waxes, fats, resins, and some gums, as well as some water-soluble substances. The amounts are influenced by seasoning and drying.; SCOPE; 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ethanol-toluene soluble content of wood, which is a measure of the waxes, fats, resins, and oils, plus tannins and certain other ether-insoluble components. ; 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautionary statements are given in 4.1. ; 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2021
• ICS: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
• Technical Committee: D07 - Wood
• Drafting Committee: D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties

Overview

ASTM D1107-21: Standard Test Method for Ethanol-Toluene Solubility of Wood is a widely recognized method developed by ASTM International. This standard details the procedure for determining the ethanol-toluene soluble content of wood samples. These solubles primarily include non-structural components such as waxes, fats, resins, oils, tannins, and certain other ether-insoluble materials. Accurate measurement of these extractives is crucial for understanding wood chemistry, assessing wood quality, and supporting various industrial processes, especially in the pulp and paper industry.

Key Topics

• Purpose: Measures the proportion of ethanol-toluene soluble matter, which is not considered part of the wood's primary polymeric structure.
• Soluble Components: Assesses waxes, fats, resins, oils, tannins, and ether-insoluble substances.
• Sample Preparation: Utilizes air-dried, ground wood samples with specific particle size requirements.
• Extraction Procedure: Employs Soxhlet apparatus with an ethanol-toluene solvent mixture to extract solubles.
• Calculation: Provides guidelines for reporting the percentage of ethanol-toluene solubles relative to the moisture-free wood sample.
• Repeatability and Reproducibility: Standard specifies expected ranges for repeatability (11%) and reproducibility (20%) across laboratories.

Applications

The ASTM D1107-21 test method finds broad application across industries relying on wood as a raw material:

• Pulp and Paper Industry: Evaluates extractives that may impact pulping efficiency, paper quality, or resistance to chemical treatments.
• Wood Product Manufacturing: Assists in material qualification by identifying content that may affect wood finishing, gluing, or painting.
• Wood Chemistry Research: Provides data for research on wood extractives, biodegradability, and chemical composition.
• Quality Assurance: Ensures consistency in wood feedstocks by monitoring soluble fractions between shipments or production batches.
• Forestry and Biomass Utilization: Supports studies on tree species variability, wood seasoning, drying processes, and the effects on extractive content.

Related Standards

Several standards complement the use of ASTM D1107-21 in wood analysis and related applications:

• TAPPI T 204 cm-17: Parallel method for solvent extractives in wood and pulp, often cited for alignment with ASTM D1107-21.
• ASTM D1105: Standard test method for other chemical components in wood, including lignin and cellulose.
• ASTM D2017: Standard for accelerated laboratory test of natural decay resistance in wood, where extractive content influences performance.
• ISO 6670: International guideline for extraction tests in lignocellulosic materials.
• ASTM D143: Standard test methods for mechanical properties of wood, often considered alongside chemical composition data.

Practical Value

Implementing ASTM D1107-21 enhances process control, product consistency, and quality assessment in industries using wood and wood-derived materials. By quantifying the non-structural soluble content, manufacturers and researchers can:

• Optimize pulping and chemical processes
• Select appropriate wood species for specific applications
• Improve predictability of product performance
• Ensure compliance with buyer and regulatory specifications

The standard’s adoption supports data comparability across geographic regions and industries, aligning with international best practices and trade requirements.

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1107 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Ethanol-Toluene Solubility of Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1107; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope approximately 100 mL and a siphon tube approximately 55
mm in height. Extraction tubes of these dimensions siphon
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
more rapidly than extractors with higher siphon tubes.
ethanol-toluene soluble content of wood, which is a measure of
3.2.3 Condenser, of the Hopkins inner-cooled type.
the waxes, fats, resins, and oils, plus tannins and certain other
ether-insoluble components.
4. Reagent
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Ethanol-Toluene Solution—Mix 1.0 L of absolute etha-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nol and 427 mL of toluene. (Warning—Avoid inhalation of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
vapors and contact with skin.)
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to us-
5. Test Specimen
e.Specific precautionary statements are given in 4.1.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
5.1 The test specimen shall consist of2gofair-dried
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- sawdust or milled wood that has been ground to pass a 425-µm
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the (40 mesh) sieve and be retained on a 250-µm (60 mesh) sieve.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 6. Procedure
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
6.1 Weigh two 2-g test specimens in tared Alundum or
fritted-glass crucibles. Dry one specimen in an oven for2hat
2. Significance and Use
100 to 105°C, then place in a loosely stoppered weighing
2.1 The ethanol-toluene extract of wood consists of the
bottle, cool in a desiccator, and weigh. Continue the drying for
soluble materials not generally considered part of the wood
1-h periods until the weight is constant. Calculate the propor-
polymeric structure. They are primarily the waxes, fats, resins,
tions of moisture-free sawdust in the air-dry specimen.
and some gums, as well as some water-soluble substances. The
6.2 Place the other specimen in a Soxhlet extraction appa-
amounts are influenced by seasoning and drying.
ratushavingataredSoxhletextractionflask.Setasmalldiskof
fine-mesh screen wire in the top of the crucible to prevent loss
3. Apparatus
of specimen. Extract with 150 mL of ethanol-toluene solution
3.1 Filtering Crucibles, Alundum or fritted-glass filtering
for 6 to 8 h, keeping the liquid boiling briskly. This should
crucibles of coarse porosity.
provide four to six siphonings per hour.
3.2 Extraction Apparatus—A compact form of Soxhlet ex-
6.3 After evaporating the solvent from the e
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1107 − 96 (Reapproved 2013) D1107 − 21 Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry
Standard Method T 204 os-76
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Ethanol-Toluene Solubility of Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1107; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ethanol-toluene soluble content of wood, which is a measure of the waxes,
fats, resins, and oils, plus tannins and certain other ether-insoluble components.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautionary statements are given in 4.1.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 The ethanol-toluene extract of wood consists of the soluble materials not generally considered part of the wood polymeric
structure. They are primarily the waxes, fats, resins, and some gums, as well as some water-soluble substances. The amounts are
influenced by seasoning and drying.
3. Apparatus
3.1 Filtering Crucibles, Alundum or fritted-glass filtering crucibles of coarse porosity.
3.2 Extraction Apparatus—A compact form of Soxhlet extraction apparatus, with ground-glass joints, is preferable. The apparatus
shall consist of the following items:
3.2.1 Soxhlet Extraction Flask, having a capacity of 250 mL.
3.2.2 Soxhlet Extraction Tube, 45 to 50 mm in inside diameter, having a capacity to the top of the siphon of approximately 100
mL and a siphon tube approximately 55 mm in height. Extraction tubes of these dimensions siphon more rapidly than extractors
with higher siphon tubes.
3.2.3 Condenser, of the Hopkins inner-cooled type.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test Methods
and Properties.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013Feb. 1, 2021. Published September 2013March 2021. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 20072013
as D1107 – 96 (2007).(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D1107-96R13.10.1520/D1107-21.
This standard was originally based upon TAPPI Standard Method T 204 os-76, which has been replaced by T 204 cm-17.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1107 − 21
4. Reagent
4.1 Ethanol-Toluene Solution—Mix 1.0 L of absolute ethanol and
...