ASTM D198-22a

Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The flexural properties established by this test method provide:  
6.1.1 Data for use in development of grading rules and specifications;  
6.1.2 Data for use in development of design values for structural members;  
6.1.3 Data on the influence of imperfections on mechanical properties of structural members;  
6.1.4 Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural sizes;  
6.1.5 Data for use in checking existing equations or hypotheses relating to the structural behavior;  
6.1.6 Data on the effects of chemical or environmental conditions on mechanical properties;  
6.1.7 Data on effects of fabrication variables such as depth, taper, notches, or type of end joint in laminations; and  
6.1.8 Data on relationships between mechanical and physical properties.  
6.2 Procedures are described here in sufficient detail to permit duplication in different laboratories so that comparisons of results from different sources will be valid. Where special circumstances require deviation from some details of these procedures, these deviations shall be carefully described in the report (see Section 11).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber and wood-based products in structural sizes by various testing procedures.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections    
Flexure  
4 – 11  
Compression (Short Specimen)  
13 – 20  
Compression (Long Specimen)  
21 – 28  
Tension  
29 – 36  
Torsion  
37 – 44  
Shear Modulus  
45 – 52  
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2022
• ICS: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
• Technical Committee: D07 - Wood
• Drafting Committee: D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4442-20 - Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D198 − 22a
Standard Test Methods of
1
Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous evaluations of structural members of sawn lumber have been conducted in accordance
withTest Methods D198.While the importance of continued use of a satisfactory standard should not
beunderestimated,theoriginalstandard(1927)wasdesignedprimarilyforsawnlumbermaterial,such
asbridgestringersandjoists.Withtheadventofstructuralgluedlaminated(glulam)timbers,structural
composite lumber, prefabricated wood I-joists, and even reinforced and prestressed timbers, a
procedure adaptable to a wider variety of wood structural members was required and Test Methods
D198 has been continuously updated to reflect modern usage.
The present standard provides a means to evaluate the flexure, compression, tension, and torsion
strengthandstiffnessoflumberandwood-basedproductsinstructuralsizes.Aflexuraltesttoevaluate
the shear stiffness is also provided. In general, the goal of the D198 test methods is to provide a
reliable and repeatable means to conduct laboratory tests to evaluate the mechanical performance of
wood-basedproducts.Whilemanyofthepropertiestestedusingthesemethodsmayalsobeevaluated
using the field procedures of Test Methods D4761, the more detailed D198 test methods are intended
to establish practices that permit correlation of results from different sources through the use of more
uniform procedures.The D198 test methods are intended for use in scientific studies, development of
designvalues,qualityassurance,orotherinvestigationswhereamoreaccuratetestmethodisdesired.
Provision is made for varying the procedure to account for special problems.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
wood-based products in structural sizes by various testing
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
procedures.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Sections
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Flexure 4–11
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Compression (Short Specimen) 13–20
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Compression (Long Specimen) 21–28
Tension 29–36
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Torsion 37–44
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Shear Modulus 45–52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing
2. Referenced Documents
procedures are given in Appendix X1. 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.4 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
D9Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical ucts
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
D1165Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-
and are not considered standard. woods
D2395TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
tive Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental
2
Test Methods and Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D198 – 22. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0198-22a. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D198 − 22a
D2915Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Struc- 3.2.5 span (ℓ)—the total distance between reactions on
tural Wood and Wood-Based Products which a flexure specimen or shear modulus specimen is
D3737Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for supported to accommodate a transverse load (Fig. 1).
Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glul
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D198 − 22 D198 − 22a
Standard Test Methods of
1
Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous evaluations of structural members of sawn lumber have been conducted in accordance
with Test Methods D198. While the importance of continued use of a satisfactory standard should not
be underestimated, the original standard (1927) was designed primarily for sawn lumber material, such
as bridge stringers and joists. With the advent of structural glued laminated (glulam) timbers, structural
composite lumber, prefabricated wood I-joists, and even reinforced and prestressed timbers, a
procedure adaptable to a wider variety of wood structural members was required and Test Methods
D198 has been continuously updated to reflect modern usage.
The present standard provides a means to evaluate the flexure, compression, tension, and torsion
strength and stiffness of lumber and wood-based products in structural sizes. A flexural test to evaluate
the shear stiffness is also provided. In general, the goal of the D198 test methods is to provide a
reliable and repeatable means to conduct laboratory tests to evaluate the mechanical performance of
wood-based products. While many of the properties tested using these methods may also be evaluated
using the field procedures of Test Methods D4761, the more detailed D198 test methods are intended
to establish practices that permit correlation of results from different sources through the use of more
uniform procedures. The D198 test methods are intended for use in scientific studies, development of
design values, quality assurance, or other investigations where a more accurate test method is desired.
Provision is made for varying the procedure to account for special problems.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber and wood-based products in structural sizes by various testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Flexure 4 – 11
Compression (Short Specimen) 13 – 20
Compression (Long Specimen) 21 – 28
Tension 29 – 36
Torsion 37 – 44
Shear Modulus 45 – 52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test Methods
and Properties.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2022Oct. 1, 2022. Published August 2022October 2022. Originally approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 20212022 as
D198 – 21a.22. DOI: 10.1520/D0198-22.10.1520/D0198-22a.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D198 − 22a
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
D1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Softwoods
D2395 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D2915 Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood-Based Products
D3737 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D4761 Test Methods for Mechanical Proper
...