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ASTM F2489-06

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants-Part 2 Greases

Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants-Part 2 Greases

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is a tool to aid in the choice of lubricating grease for precision rolling element bearing applications. The recommendations in this guide are not intended for general purpose bearing applications There are two areas where this guide should have the greatest impact: (1) when lubricating grease is being chosen for a new bearing application and (2) when grease for a bearing has to be replaced because the original grease specified for the bearing can no longer be obtained. The Report (see Section ) contains a series of tests on a wide variety of greases commonly used in bearing applications to allow comparisons of those properties of the grease that the committee thought to be most important when making a choice of lubricating grease. Each test was performed by the same laboratory. This guide contains a listing of the properties of greases by base oil type, that is, ester, perfluoropolyether (PFPE), polyalphaolefin (PAO), and so forth. This organization is necessary since the operational requirements in a particular bearing application may limit the choice of grease to a particular base oil type and thickener due to its temperature stability, viscosity index or temperature-vapor pressure characteristics, etc. The guide provides data to assist the user in selecting replacement greases for those greases tested that are no longer available. The guide also includes a glossary of terms used in describing/discussing the lubrication of precision and instrument bearings.
1.2 The lubricating greases presented in this guide are commonly used in precision rolling element bearings (PREB). These greases were selected for the testing based on the grease survey obtained from DoD, OEM and grease manufactures and evaluated according to the test protocol that was designed by Subcommittee F34 on Tribology. This test protocol covers the essential requirements identified for precision bearing greases. The performance requirements of these greases are very unique. They are dictated by the performance expectations of precision bearings including high speed, low noise, extended life, and no contamination of surrounding components by the bearings lubricant system. To increase the reliability of test data, all tests were performed by a DoD laboratory and three independent testing laboratories. There were no grease manufacturers data imported except for base oil viscosity. Most of tests were performed by U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) and three independent laboratories, and the results were monitored by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). This continuity of testing should form a solid basis for comparing the properties of the multitude of lubricating greases tested by avoiding some of the variability introduced when greases are tested by different laboratories using different or even the "same" procedures. Additional test data will be considered for inclusion, provided the defined protocol is followed and the tests are performed by independent laboratories.
1.3 This study was a part of DoD Aging Aircraft Replacement Program and supported by Defense Logistic Agent (DLA) and Defense Supply Center Richmond (DSCR).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2006
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
F34 - Rolling Element Bearings
Drafting Committee
F34.02 - Tribology
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F2489-06 - Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants-Part 2 GreasesASTM F2489-06 - Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants-Part 2 Greases
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ASTM F2489-06 - Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants-Part 2 Greases
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2489 − 06
StandardGuide for
Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2
1
Greases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2489; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bearing’s lubricant system. To increase the reliability of test
data, all tests were performed by a DoD laboratory and three
1.1 This guide is a tool to aid in the choice of lubricating
independent testing laboratories. There were no grease manu-
grease for precision rolling element bearing applications. The
facturer’s data imported except for base oil viscosity. Most of
recommendations in this guide are not intended for general
tests were performed by U.S. Army Tank–Automotive
purpose bearing applications There are two areas where this
Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC)
guide should have the greatest impact: (1) when lubricating
and three independent laboratories, and the results were moni-
grease is being chosen for a new bearing application and (2)
tored by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). This continu-
when grease for a bearing has to be replaced because the
ity of testing should form a solid basis for comparing the
original grease specified for the bearing can no longer be
properties of the multitude of lubricating greases tested by
obtained. The Report (see Section 5) contains a series of tests
avoiding some of the variability introduced when greases are
on a wide variety of greases commonly used in bearing
tested by different laboratories using different or even the
applications to allow comparisons of those properties of the
“same” procedures. Additional test data will be considered for
grease that the committee thought to be most important when
inclusion, provided the defined protocol is followed and the
makingachoiceoflubricatinggrease.Eachtestwasperformed
tests are performed by independent laboratories.
by the same laboratory. This guide contains a listing of the
properties of greases by base oil type, that is, ester, perfluo- 1.3 This study was a part of DoD Aging Aircraft Replace-
ropolyether (PFPE), polyalphaolefin (PAO), and so forth. This ment Program and supported by Defense Logistic Agent
2
organization is necessary since the operational requirements in (DLA) and Defense Supply Center Richmond (DSCR).
a particular bearing application may limit the choice of grease
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
toaparticularbaseoiltypeandthickenerduetoitstemperature
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
stability, viscosity index or temperature-vapor pressure
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
characteristics,etc.Theguideprovidesdatatoassisttheuserin
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
selecting replacement greases for those greases tested that are
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
nolongeravailable.Theguidealsoincludesaglossaryofterms
used in describing/discussing the lubrication of precision and
2. Referenced Documents
instrument bearings.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 The lubricating greases presented in this guide are
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
commonly used in precision rolling element bearings (PREB).
Grease
These greases were selected for the testing based on the grease
D972 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating
surveyobtainedfromDoD,OEMandgreasemanufacturesand
Greases and Oils
evaluated according to the test protocol that was designed by
D1264 Test Method for Determining the Water Washout
Subcommittee F34 on Tribology. This test protocol covers the
Characteristics of Lubricating Greases
essential requirements identified for precision bearing greases.
D1742 Test Method for Oil Separation from Lubricating
The performance requirements of these greases are very
Grease During Storage
unique. They are dictated by the performance expectations of
precision bearings including high speed, low noise, extended
life, and no contamination of surrounding components by the
2
Rhee,In-Sik,“PrecisionBearingGreaseSelectionGuide,” U.S.Army TARDEC
Technical Report No. 15688, Defense Technical Information Center, 8725 John. J.
Kingman Rd., Suite 0944, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060–6218.
1 3
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F34 on Rolling For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Element Bearings contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard
...

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ASTM F2489-06(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2 Greases

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to report on the testing of, to discuss and compare the properties of, and to provide guidelines for the choice of lubricating greases for precision rolling element bearings (PREB). The PREB are, for the purposes of this guide, meant to include bearings of Annular Bearing Engineer's Committee (ABEC) 5 quality and above. This guide limits its scope to lubricating greases used in PREB.  
4.2 The number of lubricating greases used in PREB increased dramatically from the early 1940s to the mid 1990s. In the beginning of this period, petroleum products were the only widely available base stocks. Later, synthetic base oils became available. They included synthetic hydrocarbons, esters, silicones, multiply alkylated cyclopentanes (MAC) and fluorinated materials, including perfluorinated ethers and the fluorosilicones. This broad spectrum of lubricant choices has led to the use of a large number of different lubricants in PREB applications. The U.S. Department of Defense, as a user of many PREB, has seen a significant increase in the logistics effort required to support the procurement and distribution of these items. In addition, as time has passed, some of the greases used in certain PREB are no longer available or require improved performances due to advanced bearing technology/requirements. This implies that replacement lubricating greases must be found, especially in this era of extending the lifetime of DoD assets, with the consequent and unprojected demand for sources of replacement parts.  
4.3 One of the primary goals of this study was to take a broad spectrum of the lubricating greases used in PREB and do a comprehensive series of tests on them in order that their properties could be compared and, if necessary, potential replacement greases be identified. This study is also meant to be a design guide for choosing lubricating greases for future PREB applications. This guide represents a collective effort of many members of this co...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is a tool to aid in the choice of lubricating grease for precision rolling element bearing applications. The recommendations in this guide are not intended for general purpose bearing applications There are two areas where this guide should have the greatest impact: (1) when lubricating grease is being chosen for a new bearing application and (2) when grease for a bearing has to be replaced because the original grease specified for the bearing can no longer be obtained. The Report (see Section 5) contains a series of tests on a wide variety of greases commonly used in bearing applications to allow comparisons of those properties of the grease that the committee thought to be most important when making a choice of lubricating grease. Each test was performed by the same laboratory. This guide contains a listing of the properties of greases by base oil type, that is, ester, perfluoropolyether (PFPE), polyalphaolefin (PAO), and so forth. This organization is necessary since the operational requirements in a particular bearing application may limit the choice of grease to a particular base oil type and thickener due to its temperature stability, viscosity index or temperature-vapor pressure characteristics, etc. The guide provides data to assist the user in selecting replacement greases for those greases tested that are no longer available. The guide also includes a glossary of terms used in describing/discussing the lubrication of precision and instrument bearings.  
1.2 The lubricating greases presented in this guide are commonly used in precision rolling element bearings (PREB). These greases were selected for the testing based on the grease survey obtained from DoD, OEM and grease manufactures and evaluated according to the test protocol that was designed by Subcommittee F34 on Tribology. This test protocol covers the essential requirements identified for precision bearing greases. The performance requirem...

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ASTM F2661-07(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Tribological Behavior and the Relative Lifetime of a Fluid Lubricant using the Spiral Orbit Tribometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Relevance of the Spiral Orbit Tribometer (SOT)—The SOT was designed to evaluate the relative degradation rates of liquid lubricants in a contact environment similar to that in an angular contact bearing operating in the boundary lubrication regime. It functions as a screening device to quickly select the lubricants, evaluate the ability of various components of a lubricant (base oil, thickener, or additive) to lubricate a contact in rolling, pivoting, and sliding conditions simultaneously, and study their chemical decomposition if necessary. The SOT provides a means to study the tribological behavior of oils and greases during operation, while they undergo changes as a function of typical parameters encountered in the lubrication field (temperature, environment, materials used, load applied, and speed). Test conclusion is defined to be when a friction coefficient limit (typically an increase of 0.1 above the steady state value) is surpassed. Normalized lubricant lifetime is then defined as the number of orbits completed divided by the initial amount of lubricant used (in μg). The SOT was initially developed to evaluate lubricants for space applications, but is also relevant for conventional environments. Some results in vacuum are presented (Fig. 1). At this time, no data for tests in ambient conditions have been published (see Fig. 2). The user of this test method should determine to their own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test procedures.
FIG. 1 Relative lifetimes of three typical space lubricants at 23°C in vacuum on 52100 steel  
Pepper, S.V., Kingsbury, E.P., “Spiral Orbit Tribometry – Part II: Evaluation of Three Liquid Lubricants in Vacuum”,  Tribo. Trans., V 46, 1, pp 65-69, 2003
FIG. 2 Comparison between full scale bearing tests** and SOT data at 23°C on 440C steel.  
Bazinet, D.G., Espinosa, M.A., Loewenthal, S.H., Gschwender, L., Jones, W.R., Jr., Predmore, R.E., “Life of Scan...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of the friction coefficient and the lifetime of oils and greases, when tested on a standard specimen under specified conditions of preparation, speed, Hertzian stress, materials, temperature, and atmosphere, by means of the Spiral Orbit Tribometer (SOT). This test method is intended primarily as an evaluation of the lifetimes of fluid lubricants under vacuum and ambient conditions.  
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1159-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bromine Numbers of Petroleum Distillates and Commercial Aliphatic Olefins by Electrometric Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
5.2 The bromine number of commercial aliphatic monoolefins provides supporting evidence of their purity and identity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method3 covers the determination of the bromine number of the following materials:  
1.1.1 Petroleum distillates that are substantially free of material lighter than isobutane and that have 90 % distillation points (by Test Method D86) under 327 °C (626 °F). This test method is generally applicable to gasoline (including leaded, unleaded, and oxygenated fuels), kerosine, and distillates in the gas oil range that fall in the following limits:    
90 % Distillation Point, °C (°F)  
Bromine Number, max3    
Under 205 (400)  
175    
205 to 327 (400 to 626)  
10  
1.1.2 Commercial olefins that are essentially mixtures of aliphatic mono-olefins and that fall within the range of 95 to 165 bromine number (see Note 1). This test method has been found suitable for such materials as commercial propylene trimer and tetramer, butene dimer, and mixed nonenes, octenes, and heptenes. This test method is not satisfactory for normal alpha-olefins.  
Note 1: These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.  
1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1.  
1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D1492 or D5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 9.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2983-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
5.2 Initially this test method was developed to determine whether an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) would meet OEM low temperature performance criterion originally defined using a particular model viscometer.6, 7 The viscosity range covered in the original ATF performance correlation studies was from less than 1000 mPa·s to more than 60 000 mPa·s. The success of the ATF correlation and the development of this test method has over time been applied to other fluids and lubricants such as gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and so forth.  
5.3 Procedures A, B, C, and D of this test method describe how to measure apparent viscosity directly without the errors associated with earlier techniques that extrapolated experimental viscometric data obtained at higher temperatures.
Note 1: Low temperature viscosity values obtained by either interpolation or extrapolation of oils may be subject to errors caused by gelation and other forms of non-Newtonian response to spindle speed and torque.  
5.4 Procedures A, B, C, and D; If viscosity measurements are difficult to stabilize or a noticeable decrease in viscosity is seen at a constant speed between an initial measurement made during the 5 s to 10 s after the spindle rotation commences and the stabilized measurement between 60 s and 180 s, then this most likely indicates time-dependent, structural breakdown in the fluid. Some formulated fluid types may form wax structures when soaked at or below a certain low temperature which varies among fluids. The rotating spindle ...
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1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscometers with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some lubricants. This test method covers the viscosity range of 300 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s  
1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer.” In the lubricant industry, D2983 test results have often been referred to as “Brookfield2 Viscosity” which implies a viscosity determined by this method.  
1.3 This test method contains four procedures: Procedure A is used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constant temperature liquid bath is used to cool samples by means of a simulated air cell (SimAir)3 Cell in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure D automates the determination of low temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity by utilizing a thermoelectrically heated and cooled temperature-controlled sample chamber along with a programmable rotational viscometer.  
1.4 There are multiple precision studies for this test method.  
1.4.1 The viscosity data used for the precision studies for Procedures A, B, and C covered a range from 300 mPa·s to 170 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –12 °C, –26 °C, and –40 °C. Appendix X5 includes precision data for –55 °C test temperature and includes samples with viscosities greater 500 000 mPa·s.  
1.4.2 The viscosity data used for Procedure D precision study was from 6400 mPa·s to 256 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –26 °C and –40 °C.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement ar...

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ASTM D6792-23c(Practice)
Standard Practice for Quality Management Systems in Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants Testing Laboratories

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants testing laboratory plays a crucial role in product quality management and customer satisfaction. It is essential for a laboratory to provide quality data. This document provides guidance for establishing and maintaining a quality management system in a laboratory.  
4.1.1 The word ‘customer’ can refer to both customers internal and external to the laboratory or organization.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the establishment and maintenance of the essentials of a quality management system in laboratories engaged in the analysis of petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants. It is designed to be used in conjunction with Practice D6299.
Note 1: This practice is based on the quality management concepts and principles advocated in ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9000 standards, ISO/IEC 17025, ASQ Manual,2 and ASTM standards such as D3244, D4182, D4621, D6299, D6300, D7372, E29, E177, E456, E548, E882, E994, E1301, E1323, STP 15D,3 and STP 1209.4  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6224-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Lubricating Oil for Auxiliary Power Plant Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to help users, particularly power plant operators, maintain effective control over their mineral lubricating oils and lubrication monitoring program. This practice may be used to perform oil changes based on oil condition and test results rather than on the basis of service time or calendar time. It is intended to save operating and maintenance expenses.  
4.2 This practice is also intended to help users monitor the condition of mineral lubricating oils and guard against excessive component wear, oil degradation, or contamination, thereby minimizing the potential of catastrophic machine problems that are more likely to occur in the absence of such an oil condition monitoring program.  
4.3 This practice does not necessarily reference all of the current oil testing technologies and is not meant to preclude the use of alternative instrumentation or test methods that provide meaningful or trendable test data, or both. Some oil testing devices and sensors (typically used for screening oils that will be tested according to standard methods) provide trendable indicators that correlate to water, particulates, and other contaminants but do not directly measure these.  
4.4 This practice is intended for mineral oil products, and not for synthetic type of products, with the exception of phosphate esters fluids typically used in power plant control systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral oil and phosphate ester fluid lubricating oils in service auxiliary (non-turbine) equipment used for power generation. Auxiliary equipment covered includes gears, hydraulic systems, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, and electrohydraulic control (EHC) systems. It includes sampling and testing schedules and recommended action steps, as well as information on how oils degrade.
Note 1: Other types of synthetic lubricants are sometimes used but are not addressed in this practice because they represent only a small fraction of the fluids in use. Users of these fluids should consult the manufacturer to determine recommended monitoring practices.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the monitoring of lubricating oil for steam and gas turbines. Rather, it is intended to complement Practice D4378.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2412-23a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.  
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) .2 This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.  
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM G164-99(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very expensive and time consuming to use surface chemical analysis techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple friction test like this one performs this function.  
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to make sure that a lubricant is present. Test samples are normally compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coefficient of friction of the test samples is compared with the coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens to determine if a lubricant is present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on the web by the inclined plane method. The objective of the test is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not. It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material. It is not intended to rank lubricants.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2523-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to metalworking fluid management and plant environment health and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.  
3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single document, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involved with both metalworking environment health and safety and fluid management.  
3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard will enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in the appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary communications.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in the metalworking industry.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather, it defines terms relevant to metalworking fluid management and metalworking fluid health and safety.  
1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalworking operations, fluid types, and other terms germane to the practice of metalworking fluid management.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7038-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Moisture Corrosion Resistance of Automotive Gear Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test simulates a type of severe field service in which corrosion-promoting moisture in the form of condensed water vapor accumulates in the axle assembly. This may happen as a result of volume expansion and contraction of the axle lubricant and the accompanied breathing in of moisture-laden air through the axle vent. The test screens lubricants for their ability to prevent the expected corrosion.  
5.2 The L-33-1 test procedure is used or referred to in the following documents: ASTM Publication STP-512A,6 SAE J308, SAE J2360, and U.S. Military Specification MIL-PRF-2105E.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a test procedure for evaluating the rust and corrosion inhibiting properties of a gear lubricant while subjected to water contamination and elevated temperature in a bench-mounted hypoid differential housing assembly.2 This test method is commonly referred to as the L-33-1 test.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—(1) where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads and national pipe threads/diameters, and (2) the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard for the definitions in 12.2, and for SI units where there are no direct inch-pounds equivalent units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
    26 pages
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