ASTM E2814-22

Standard Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Filter Cloth

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the special grade of industrial woven wire cloth, referred to as filter cloth (also known as, Dutch weave or Hollander weave), for general filtration including the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases), based on a desired particle size retention. Filter cloth can be made of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving, and is woven with a greater number of wires in one direction than the other, and utilizing two different wire diameters. E2814 introduces standard terms and definitions, observes common technical considerations that a user should be aware of, and presents alternative acceptance criteria based on a desired pore size, or micron retention filtration rating.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the special grade of industrial woven wire cloth, referred to as filter cloth, for general filtration including the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases), based on a desired particle size retention. Filter cloth can be made of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2022
• ICS: 19.120 - Particle size analysis. Sieving
• Technical Committee: E29 - Particle and Spray Characterization
• Drafting Committee: E29.01 - Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media

Relations

• Refers: ASTM A478-97(2019) - Standard Specification for Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Weaving and Knitting Wire
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM E2016-15 - Standard Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Cloth
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2015
• Refers: ASTM E11-13 - Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM A478-97(2013) - Standard Specification for Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Weaving and Knitting Wire
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM E1638-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM E1638-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 15-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM E2016-11 - Standard Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Cloth
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1638-11a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1638-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-May-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1638-10 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Refers: ASTM E11-09e1 - Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Refers: ASTM E1638-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2009
• Refers: ASTM A478-97(2008) - Standard Specification for Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Weaving and Knitting Wire
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2008
• Refers: ASTM E1638-07a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2007
• Refers: ASTM E2016-06 - Standard Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Cloth
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2006

Overview

ASTM E2814-22, issued by ASTM International, specifies requirements for industrial woven wire filter cloth-also known as Dutch weave or Hollander weave-intended for general filtration applications. This standard addresses the retention and separation of solid particles from liquids or gases, according to a desired particle size or micron retention rating. Filter cloth covered by this specification is woven from primary metals or metal alloy wires and features a unique weaving structure with a greater number of wires in one direction and the use of different wire diameters. ASTM E2814-22 introduces standard terminology, technical considerations, and presents alternative performance criteria based on pore size or filtration efficiency.

Key Topics

• Scope of Use: Industrial woven wire filter cloth is designed for general filtration, separating solids from liquids or gases based on specific particle size retention.
• Materials: The cloth can be woven from a wide variety of metals and alloys such as stainless steel, nickel alloys, brass, phosphor bronze, and titanium, provided the material is suitable for weaving.
• Weave Types: Includes Dutch weave, Hollander weave, plain weave, double warp, reverse weave, and twill weave, offering flexibility in particle retention characteristics.
• Technical Definitions: Standardizes key filtration terminology such as bubble point test, crimp, micron retention (absolute and nominal), mesh count, and cut point.
• Acceptance Criteria: Allows filter cloth to be specified and accepted based on traditional parameters (mesh count, wire diameter) or alternative methods such as bubble point testing, glass bead testing, or geometric modeling.
• Quality and Testing: Outlines procedures for backlit inspection, mesh counting, and provides tolerances for wire diameters and mesh consistency.
• Packaging and Labelling: Specifies requirements for shipping rolls of filter cloth, including necessary labeling details, such as manufacturer, material, mesh designation, weave type, and quantity.

Applications

Industrial woven wire filter cloth produced in accordance with ASTM E2814-22 is widely used in sectors where fine filtration and particle separation are critical. Typical applications include:

• Chemical Processing: Filtering catalysts or separating solids from process liquids.
• Food and Beverage: Filtering particulates for product purity and consistency.
• Pharmaceuticals: Removing contaminants from liquids or gases.
• Environmental and Water Treatment: Pre-filtration and particle removal in treatment facilities.
• Automotive and Aerospace: Filtration in hydraulic and lubrication systems.
• Oil and Gas: Separation of solids from drilling fluids, produced water, and gases.
• General Industrial: Dust collection, air filtration, and screening in various manufacturing processes.

The specification supports users in selecting the proper filter cloth based on desired filtration performance, durability, and process requirements.

Related Standards

ASTM E2814-22 references several other key standards to ensure consistency and traceability in material and testing:

• ASTM E2016: Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Cloth (excluding filter cloth).
• ASTM E11: Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves.
• ASTM E3278: Test Method for Bubble Point Pressure of Woven Wire Filter Cloth.
• ASTM E3315: Specification for Certification of Metallic Materials.
• ASTM E1638: Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media.
• SAE ARP-901: Bubble-Point Test Method.
• ASTM A478 & A555: Specifications related to the properties and requirements for stainless steel weaving and knitting wire.

Practical Value

Complying with ASTM E2814-22 ensures consistent, high-quality filter cloth for industrial filtration needs, helping manufacturers and users:

• Achieve reliable particle size separation and process efficiency.
• Standardize terminology and quality criteria in procurement and supply chains.
• Utilize recognized testing and certification methods for filter efficacy, such as bubble point and glass bead testing.
• Meet international trade and regulatory expectations regarding filter media.

Keywords: ASTM E2814-22, industrial woven wire filter cloth, Dutch weave, Hollander weave, micron retention, filtration standard, bubble point testing, glass bead testing, mesh count, filter cloth specification.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E2814 −22
Standard Specification for
Industrial Woven Wire Filter Cloth
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Industrial metal filter cloth is a special type of woven wire cloth that can be produced in many
specifications,oftenproprietaryinnature.SometimesreferredtoasDutchweaveorHollanderweave,
filter cloth can be woven in a variety of metals and is woven with a greater number of wires in one
direction than the other, and utilizing two different wire diameters. This specification covers woven
wire filter cloth for industrial use, which is commonly rated by its micron retention capability. Its
purpose is to introduce standard terms and definitions, to observe common technical considerations
that a user should be aware of, and to present alternative acceptance criteria based on a desired pore
size, or micron retention filtration rating. It should be noted this specification excludes standard
industrial woven wire cloth and sieve cloth from its scope, since these are covered under
Specifications E2016 and E11, respectively, as well as excludes plastic and synthetic filter cloth.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers the special grade of industrial
A478Specification for Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel
woven wire cloth, referred to as filter cloth, for general
Weaving and Knitting Wire
filtration including the separation of solids from fluids (liquids
A555Specification for General Requirements for Stainless
orgases),basedonadesiredparticlesizeretention.Filtercloth
Steel Wire and Wire Rods
can be made of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
suitable for weaving.
Sieves
1.2 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
E1638Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods,
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
and Screening Media
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
E2016Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Cloth
and are not considered standard.
E3278Test Method for Bubble Point Pressure of Woven
Wire Filter Cloth
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E3315Specification for Certification of Metallic Materials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1 Definitions:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 For additional terminology, refer to Terminology
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
E1638.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.2 bubble point test, n—a capillary flow test method that
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
measures the pressure required to force an air bubble through
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
afilterclothsamplewettedunderatestliquidofknownsurface
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tension.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The pressure is inversely proportional
to the pore size, should be standardized, and the pressure
observed at the first bubble point location is considered the
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE29onParticle
and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.01
on Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E2814 – 18. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2814-22. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2814−22
absolute rating. The test result pressure can be converted to a 3.1.13.1 Discussion—The nominal rating may refer to: (1)
pore size or micron retention by applying a pore size calcula- the glass bead or particle size the filter cloth will retain 90 %
tion factor (see Test Method E3278). of by weight; (2) the bubble point pore size when the tenth
bubblelocationappears;or (3)thedegreeoffiltrationachieved
3.1.3 cloth thickness, n—the cross sectional height of the
under specific process conditions such as operating pressure,
filter cloth, nominally estimated by adding the warp wire
concentration of contaminant, and the buildup of filter cake,
diameter plus two times the shute wire diameter.
suchthat94%to98%ofallparticlesofthenominalvaluewill
3.1.4 crimp, n—corrugation in the warp and shute wires.
be retained after a given working period.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The crimp in the wires is formed dur-
3.1.14 percent open area, n—not applicable; because of the
ing the weaving process, and the tension existing between the
irregular triangular-shaped opening formed at an angle to the
warp and shute wires fundamentally determines the respective
plane of the filter cloth surface, the percent open area is
amount or depth of crimp, which in part establishes the
generally not a specified parameter.
firmnessofthefiltercloth.Instandardfiltercloththewarpwire
3.1.15 shute wires, n—wires running the short way of, or
istensionedsuchthatitonlycrimpsminimallyifatall,andthe
acrossthecloth,aswoven(alsoreferredtoastheshoot,fill,or
shute wire crimps predominately around the warp wire. In
weft wires).
reverse filter cloth the warp wire is held under reduced tension
as it does crimp around the shute wire, but the shute wire
3.1.16 types of weaves, n:
remains predominately straight.
3.1.16.1 double warp, adj—filtercloth(eitherplainortwill)
inwhichtwowarpwiresareusedinsteadofoneforeachwarp
3.1.5 cut point, n—theparticlesizeabovewhich97%ofthe
pitch thus reducing the micron retention of a similar regular
particles are trapped by the filter.
single-warp wire specification (see Fig. 1).
3.1.6 filter cake (surface cake), n—material that is retained
3.1.16.2 plain, adj—filter cloth in which the shute wires
on the filter cloth during processing.
pass over one and under one warp wire (see Fig. 2).
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The filter cake forms and builds up as
particulateisretained,untiltheincreasedflowresistanceofthe
3.1.16.3 reverse weave, adj—filter cloth in which the warp
filtercakerequiresitberemovedfromthefiltercloth,typically
and shute wires are woven in a reverse configuration (see Fig.
by back flushing. The deposition of material forming the filter
3).
cake can aid in filtration by providing depth filtration, which
3.1.16.4 twill, adj—filterclothinwhichtheshutewirespass
results in a lower micron retention.
over two and under two wires (see Fig. 4).
3.1.7 filter cloth, n—aspecialtypeofwovenwirecloth,also
referred to as Dutch weave, with a greater number of wires in
one direction than the other, and utilizing two different wire
diameters.
3.1.8 glass bead test, n—method for determining the filtra-
tion rating of filter cloth using a set of presorted, precisely
sized spherical glass beads, passing them through the filter
cloth, and examining the beads passed or captured.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—The largest bead passed is considered
the absolute micron retention rating.
3.1.9 mesh, n—number of wires or openings per linear inch
FIG. 1Double Warp Plain
or 25.4 mm counted from the center of any wire to a point
exactly 1 in. or 25.4 mm distant, including the fractional
distance between either thereof.
3.1.10 micron, n—common filtration reference to a particle
size, properly defined as a micrometre.
3.1.11 micron retention, n—separation particle size of the
filter cloth expressed as a diameter in micrometres.
3.1.12 micron retention, absolute, n—diameterofthelargest
spherical particle that will pass through the filter cloth under
laboratory conditions representing the maximum pore size.
3.1.13 micron retention, nominal, n—subject to user
definition, an indication of the average pore size of the filter
cloth.
FIG. 2Plain Weave
E2814−22
rating.As often numerous specifications may be developed to
result in a common micron retention by varying the weave
type, mesh count, and wire diameters, it is recommended that
the user consult with their filter cloth supplier regarding
specificfilterclothspecificationsofinterestandincludeintheir
discussions durability, pressure drop, and cleaning capability
requirements. The purpose of this specification is not to
suggest a limited selection of specifications.
5. Filter Cloth Specifications
5.1 Filter cloth is woven in a variation of sometimes
proprietary parameters based on often common nominal mesh
FIG. 3Reverse Plain Weave
count specifications. This is due to minor variations in mesh
count and wire diameters used to affect micron retention,
porosity, and other factors related to specific operating
conditions,aswellaspossiblyformanufacturingconvenience.
Therefore, it is not appropriate to provide a comprehensive
table of common filter specifications stating construction
requirements and resulting parameters.
5.2 Industrial filter cloth can be woven from a great variety
of metals and alloys. For the purposes of tolerances as woven,
thefollowingmetalsareapplicable:brass,nickel&highnickel
3 3 4
alloys (including Monel, Inconel, and Hastelloy ), phosphor
bronze, stainless steel alloys (300 and 400 series), and com-
FIG. 4Twill Weave
mercially pure titanium.
5.2.1 Woven wire filter cloth tolerances for other metals
may or may not be applicable depending on the particular
3.1.17 warp wires, n—thewiresrunningthelongwayofthe
specification and should be discussed with the supplier. Note
cloth as woven.
that the physical properties of the wire to be woven may have
3.1.18 weight per unit area, n—weight per square foot for
an impact on overall filter cloth quality (for example, unifor-
filter cloth can be approximated (without consideration for the
mity of mesh, surface roughness, etc.).
significant crimp of the shute wire) by the following equation:
5.3 Aselection of typical woven wire filter cloth specifica-
2 2 2
Wt/ft 5 12M 12π D /4 ρ 1 12M 12π D /4 ρ (1)
@ ~ ~ ! !# @ ~ ~ ! !#
w w s s tions are presented with their particle size retentions as
determined by bubble point testing, glass bead testing, the
where:
Tittel and Berndt with Blackmore model, and the GeoDict
Wt/ft = weight (lb) per square foot,
computer model, for comparison of these results. Due to
M = mesh warp,
w
various factors that will affect the result of each method, exact
M = mesh shute,
s
correlation cannot be expected (see 6.3). These specifications
D = diameter warp wire,
w
areonlyforexample,ascountlessothersmaybeconsideredfor
D = diameter shute wire,
s
weaving, see Table 1.
ρ = density of material (lb/in. ) (0.2836 for stainless
steel 304), and
6. Technical Requirements
π = constant 3.1416.
6.1 Filter Cloth Acceptance Criteria—Filter cloth may be
3.1.18.1 Discussion—Thetheoreticalmassperunitareacan
manufactured and supplied based on acceptance criteria as
be similarly calculated with SI units or an approximate
agreed with the supplier. While the normal acceptance criteria
multiplierfactorof4.8824canbeusedtoobtainkilogramsper
should be based on mesh count and wire diameter tolerances,
square metre.
other possibilities include pore size as predicted by bubble
3.1.19 wire diameter, n—the cross sectional size of the wire
point test method, glass bead challenge test method, the Tittel
expressed in decimal parts of an inch or the metric equivalent.
andBerndtwithBlackmoregeometricmathmodel,orgeomet-
ric computer models.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Industrialfilterclothisaspecializedproductthatcanbe
A trademark of Huntington Alloy Corp., Catlettsburg, KY.
manufactured in many specifications. The purpose of this 4
A trademark of Haynes International, Inc., Kokomo, IN.
specification is to (1) introduce standard terms and definitions
GeoDict is registered as a trademark of Math2Market GmbH, Kaiserslautern,
Germany. The sole source of supply of this simulation program known to the
associatedwithwirefiltercloth, (2)observecommontechnical
committee at this time is the GeoDict by Math2Market GmbH, Kaiserslautern,
considerations that a user should be aware of, and (3) present
Germany. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information
normal tolerances as well as alternative acceptance criteria
to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid-
based on a desired pore size, or micron retention filtration erationatameetingoftheresponsibletechnicalcommittee, whichyoumayattend.
E2814−22
TABLE 1 Separation Particle Size for Typical Filter Cloth
Wire Diameters Pore Size in micrometres
Computer
Mesh Warp Shute Weave Bubble Point Glass Bead Title & Berndt
GeoDict
12 × 64 0.023 0.0165 standard plain 362 302 325 283
24 × 110 0.015 0.010 standard plain 151 144 138 137
30 × 150 0.009 0.007 standard plain 130 122 113 113
30 × 160 0.009 0.007 standard plain 119 114 112 113
50 × 250 0.0055 0.0045 standard plain 72 70 67 68
50(2) × 250 0.0045 0.0045 double plain 48 41 55 50
20 × 200 0.0135 0.011 standard twill 161 135 166 155
30 × 250 0.011 0.0082 standard twill 120 111 118 112
120 × 500 0.004 0.0028 standard twill 45 42 50 23
80 × 700 0.004 0.003 standard twill 53 39 47 42
200 × 900 0.0023 0.0018 standard twill 22 21 20 14
200 × 1400 0.0023 0.0016 standard twill 17 14 20 14
128 × 36 0.008 0.0157 reverse plain 109 73 111 n/a
130 × 30 0.008 0.016 reverse plain 178 110 136 n/a
171 × 46 0.0059 0.0118 reverse plain 95 64 82 n/a
630 × 130 0.0016 0.005 reverse plain 22 20 22 n/a
132 × 16 0.0142 0.0181 reverse twill 320 228 293 n/a
325 × 39 0.0059 0.0118 reverse twill 128 92 105 n/a
TABLE 3 Tolerance in Mesh Count Tolerance in Mesh ± %
6.2 Normal Manufacturing Tolerance Criteria—The mesh
Type Filter Cloth Warp Shute
count and wire diameters shall be specified and acceptance
Standard Weave 2 6
determined by verification of the tolerances thereon, as these
Reverse Weave 2 4
are the controlled parameters during the weaving process.
6.2.1 Wire—Thediametertoleranceforwirebeforeweaving
commonlyshouldbeinaccordancewithindustrialstandardsas
6.3.1.1 Properly called capillary flow porometry, bubble
in accordance with Table 2 (for further information, see
point testing is based on the fact that the pressure required to
SpecificationA478).Itisrecognizedthatmechanicaldeforma-
force an air bubble through filter cloth wetted under a test
tion of at least one of the wires occurs during weaving.
liquidofknownsurfacetensionisinverselyproportionaltothe
Therefore, the diameter measured after weaving can only be
pore size. The test is conducted by mounting the filter cloth
used as a guide to the original nominal diameter.
sample in a special test fixture, immersed in a test fluid, air
6.2.2 Mesh Count—Tolerances in mesh count shall be
pressureisslowlyappliedtothefluid,andamanometerisused
applied separately for warp and shute, in accordance with
to determine the pressure when the first air bubble is observed
Table 3.
on the surface. This location indicates the largest pore size or
6.3 Alternative Testing and Prediction Criteria—The fol- absolute filtration rating of the sample. Test Method E3278
lowing four testing and pore size prediction methods are
offers a comprehensive review of bubble point testing physics
offered as optional alternatives to the primary filter cloth and details the application of correcting for test fluid surface
acceptance criteria in accordance with 6.2, Normal Manufac-
tension, immersion depth, and temperature in order to stan-
turing Tolerance. Accordingly, if any of these alternatives are dardize the test result pressure. The sample size is dependent
to be invoked, the method and specifics must be explicitly
on the test fixture to be used (for example, 1 in. diameter, 3 in.
agreed to by the user and supplier.
× 3 in.) (see Fig. 5).
6.3.1 Bubble Point Testing—Theuseofthischaracterization
6.3.1.2 It is important to note that the test fundamentally
techniqueshallspecifyeitheraminimumpressureorporesize,
determines a pressure, and a minimum pressure (typically in
alongwiththenominalmeshdesignation,andacceptanceshall psi or inches of water) may be specified as the acceptance
be based on the test result of a sample(s) as agreed.
criteria. However, as filter cloth is normally rated by the size
particle it will retain, the resulting pressure is often converted
toaporesizediameter,commonlyexpressedinmicrometres.A
TABLE 2 Tolerances for Stainless Steel Wire in accordance with
poresizecalculationfactor(CF)maybegeneratedbasedonthe
Specification A555
hydraulic diameter bubble point pressure and the percolation
Wire Diameter Tolerance
pathfittingparticlediameter,usingthePoroDictmoduleinthe
in. mm in. mm
software GeoDict (seeTest Method E3278, subsection 4.2.2 in
Under 0.0330 to Under 0.84 to 0.61, ±0.0005 ±0.013
Summary of Test Method). Analyzing the non-circular cross-
0.0240, incl incl
Under 0.0240 to Under 0.61 to 0.30, ±0.0004 ±0.010
section of the bottle neck of the through-path of each filter
0.0120, incl incl
cloth specification and generating a unique CF, offers superior
Under 0.0120 to Under 0.30 to 0.20, ±0.0003 ±0.008
0.0080, incl incl correlation than the historic application of a single, common
Under 0.0080 to Under 0.20 to 0.12, ±0.0002 ±0.005
geometric tortuosity factor.Accordingly, if a pore size is to be
0.0048, incl incl
the acceptance criteria, a CF shall be stated and applied to the
Under 0.0048 Under 0.12 ±0.0001 ±0.003
pressure to calculate the pore diameter (see Appendix X1).
E2814−22
be utilized. For less than 20 micrometre gravimetric challenge
testing, a wet solution of microspheres should be used vs. the
standard dry test method.
6.3.3 Geometric Math Model —The filter cloth acceptance
shallbebasedonmanufacturingspecificmeshcountsandwire
diameters within tolerances agreed with the supplier, that have
been used in the Tittel and Berndt with Blackmore geometric
mathmodeltopredicttheporesize.Thismodelcanbeusedto
predict the micron retention or separation particle size of any
filter cloth specification a user and supplier wish to develop,
and for comparative purposes.
6.3.3.1 This mathematical model assumes rigid, spherical
particles that pass through various planes or cross sections of
the filter cloth, created by the shute wires stretched around the
warp wires and positioned geometrically adjacent to one
another. The separation particle size is determined for the
applicable geometric plane based on the weave type and
specification ratios.
FIG. 5Test Fixture
6.3.3.2 While five geometric planes of the filter cloth are
considered (three of interest as the outer two are symmetrical),
6.3.1.3 F
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2814 − 18 E2814 − 22
Standard Specification for
Industrial Woven Wire Filter Cloth
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Industrial metal filter cloth is a special type of woven wire cloth that can be produced in many
specifications, often proprietary in nature. Sometimes referred to as Dutch weave or Hollander weave,
filter cloth can be woven in a variety of metals and is woven with a greater number of wires in one
direction than the other, and utilizing two different wire diameters. This specification covers woven
wire filter cloth for industrial use, which is commonly rated by its micron retention capability. Its
purpose is to introduce standard terms and definitions, to observe common technical considerations
that a user should be aware of, and to present alternative acceptance criteria based on a desired pore
size, or micron retention filtration rating. It should be noted this specification excludes standard
industrial woven wire cloth and sieve cloth from its scope, since these are covered under
Specifications E2016 and E11, respectively, as well as excludes plastic and synthetic filter cloth.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the special grade of industrial woven wire cloth, referred to as filter cloth, for general filtration
including the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases), based on a desired particle size retention. Filter cloth can be made
of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A478 Specification for Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Weaving and Knitting Wire
A555 Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.01 on
Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media.
Current edition approved April 1, 2018Feb. 1, 2022. Published June 2018April 2022. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 20112018 as E2814
– 11.18. DOI: 10.1520/E2814-18.10.1520/E2814-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2814 − 22
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E1638 Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
E2016 Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Cloth
E3278 Test Method for Bubble Point Pressure of Woven Wire Filter Cloth
E3315 Specification for Certification of Metallic Materials
2.2 SAE Standards:
ARP-901 Bubble-Point Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For additional terminology, refer to Terminology E1638.
3.1.2 bubble point test, n—a capillary flow test method that measures the pressure required to force an air bubble through a filter
cloth sample wetted under a test liquid of known surface tension.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
The pressure is inversely proportional to the pore size, should be standardized, and the pressure observed at the first bubble point
location is considered the absolute rating. The test result pressure can be converted to a calculated pore size or micron retention
by applying a selected tortuosity factor.pore size calculation factor (see Test Method E3278).
3.1.3 cloth thickness, n—the cross sectional height of the filter cloth, nominally estimated by adding the warp wire diameter plus
two times the shute wire diameter.
3.1.4 crimp, n—corrugation in the warp and shute wires.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—
The crimp in the wires is formed during the weaving process, and the tension existing between the warp and shute wires
fundamentally determines the respective amount or depth of crimp, which in part establishes the firmness of the filter cloth. In
standard filter cloth the warp wire is tensioned such that it only crimps minimally if at all, and the shute wire crimps predominately
around the warp wire. In reverse filter cloth the warp wire is held under reduced tension as it does crimp around the shute wire,
but the shute wire remains predominately straight.
3.1.5 cut point, n—the particle size above which 97 % of the particles are trapped by the filter.
3.1.6 filter cake (surface cake), n—material that is retained on the filter cloth during processing.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
The filter cake forms and builds up as particulate is retained, until the increased flow resistance of the filter cake requires it be
removed from the filter cloth, typically by back flushing. The deposition of material forming the filter cake can aid in filtration by
providing depth filtration, which results in a lower micron retention.
3.1.7 filter cloth, n—a special type of woven wire cloth, also referred to as Dutch weave, with a greater number of wires in one
direction than the other, and utilizing two different wire diameters.
3.1.8 glass bead test, n—method for determining the filtration rating of filter cloth using a set of presorted, precisely sized
spherical glass beads, passing them through the filter cloth, and examining the beads passed or captured.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—
The largest bead passed is considered the absolute micron retention rating.
3.1.9 mesh, n—number of wires or openings per linear inch or 25.4 mm counted from the center of any wire to a point exactly
1 in. or 25.4 mm distant, including the fractional distance between either thereof.
3.1.10 micron, n—common filtration reference to a particle size, properly defined as a micrometre.
3.1.11 micron retention, n—separation particle size of the filter cloth expressed as a diameter in micrometres.
3.1.12 micron retention, absolute, n—diameter of the largest spherical particle that will pass through the filter cloth under
laboratory conditions representing the maximum pore size.
E2814 − 22
3.1.13 micron retention, nominal, n—subject to user definition, an indication of the average pore size of the filter cloth.
3.1.13.1 Discussion—
The nominal rating may refer to: (1) the glass bead or particle size the filter cloth will retain 90 % of by weight; (2) the bubble
point pore size when the tenth bubble location appears; or (3) the degree of filtration achieved under specific process conditions
such as operating pressure, concentration of contaminant, and the buildup of filter cake, such that 94 % to 98 % of all particles
of the nominal value will be retained after a given working period.
3.1.14 percent open area, n—not applicable; because of the irregular triangular-shaped opening formed at an angle to the plane
of the filter cloth surface, the percent open area is generally not a specified parameter.
3.1.15 shute wires, n—wires running the short way of, or across the cloth, as woven (also referred to as the shoot, fill, or weft
wires).
3.1.16 types of weaves, n:
3.1.16.1 double warp, adj—filter cloth (either plain or twill) in which two warp wires are used instead of one for each warp pitch
thus reducing the micron retention of a similar regular single-warp wire specification (see Fig. 1).
3.1.16.2 plain, adj—filter cloth in which the shute wires pass over one and under one warp wire (see Fig. 2).
3.1.16.3 reverse weave, adj—filter cloth in which the warp and shute wires are woven in a reverse configuration (see Fig. 3).
3.1.16.4 twill, adj—filter cloth in which the shute wires pass over two and under two wires (see Fig. 4).
FIG. 1 Double Warp Plain
FIG. 2 Plain Weave
E2814 − 22
FIG. 3 Reverse Plain Weave
FIG. 4 Twill Weave
3.1.17 warp wires, n—the wires running the long way of the cloth as woven.
3.1.18 weight per unit area, n—weight per square foot for filter cloth can be approximated (without consideration for the
significant crimp of the shute wire) by the following equation:
2 2 2
Wt/ft 5 @12 M 12π D /4 ρ #1@12 M 12π D /4 ρ # (1)
~ ~ ! ! ~ ~ ! !
w w s s
where:
Wt/ft = weight (lb) per square foot,
M = mesh warp,
w
M = mesh shute,
s
D = diameter warp wire,
w
D = diameter shute wire,
s
ρ = density of material (lb/in. ) (0.2836 for stainless steel 304), and
π = constant 3.1416.
3.1.18.1 Discussion—
The theoretical mass per unit area can be similarly calculated with SI units or an approximate multiplier factor of 4.8824 can be
used to obtain kilograms per square metre.
3.1.19 wire diameter, n—the cross sectional size of the wire expressed in decimal parts of an inch or the metric equivalent.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Industrial filter cloth is a specialized product that can be manufactured in many specifications. The purpose of this specification
is to (1) introduce standard terms and definitions associated with wire filter cloth, (2) observe common technical considerations
that a user should be aware of, and (3) present normal tolerances as well as alternative acceptance criteria based on a desired pore
size, or micron retention filtration rating. As often numerous specifications may be developed to result in a common micron
retention by varying the weave type, mesh count, and wire diameters, it is recommended that the user consult with their filter cloth
supplier regarding specific filter cloth specifications of interest and include in their discussions durability, pressure drop, and
cleaning capability requirements. The purpose of this specification is not to suggest a limited selection of specifications.
E2814 − 22
5. Filter Cloth Specifications
5.1 Filter cloth is woven in a variation of sometimes proprietary parameters based on often common nominal mesh count
specifications. This is due to minor variations in mesh count and wire diameters used to affect micron retention, porosity, and other
factors related to specific operating conditions, as well as possibly for manufacturing convenience. Therefore, it is not appropriate
to provide a comprehensive table of common filter specifications stating construction requirements and resulting parameters.
5.2 Industrial filter cloth can be woven from a great variety of metals and alloys. For the purposes of tolerances as woven, the
3 3 4
following metals are applicable: brass, nickel & high nickel alloys (including Monel, Inconel, and Hastelloy ), phosphor bronze,
stainless steel alloys (300 and 400 series), and commercially pure titanium.
5.2.1 Woven wire filter cloth tolerances for other metals may or may not be applicable depending on the particular specification
and should be discussed with the supplier. Note that the physical properties of the wire to be woven may have an impact on overall
filter cloth quality (for example, uniformity of mesh, surface roughness, etc.).
5.3 A selection of typical woven wire filter cloth specifications are presented with their particle size retentions as determined by
bubble point testing, glass bead testing, the Tittel and Berndt with Blackmore model, and the GeoDict computer model, for
TABLE 1 Separation Particle Size for Typical Filter Cloth
Wire Diameters Pore Size in micrometres
Computer
Mesh Warp Shute Weave Bubble Point Glass Bead Title & Berndt
GeoDict
12 × 64 0.023 0.0165 standard plain 258 300 325 283
12 × 64 0.023 0.0165 standard plain 362 302 325 283
24 × 110 0.015 0.010 standard plain 111 150 138 137
24 × 110 0.015 0.010 standard plain 151 144 138 137
30 × 150 0.009 0.007 standard plain 93 119 113 113
30 × 150 0.009 0.007 standard plain 130 122 113 113
30 × 160 0.009 0.007 standard plain 88 114 112 113
30 × 160 0.009 0.007 standard plain 119 114 112 113
50 × 250 0.0055 0.0045 standard plain 53 69 67 68
50 × 250 0.0055 0.0045 standard plain 72 70 67 68
50(2) × 250 0.0045 0.0045 double plain 41 48 55 50
50(2) × 250 0.0045 0.0045 double plain 48 41 55 50
20 × 200 0.0135 0.011 standard twill 122 138 166 155
20 × 200 0.0135 0.011 standard twill 161 135 166 155
30 × 250 0.011 0.0082 standard twill 88 111 118 112
30 × 250 0.011 0.0082 standard twill 120 111 118 112
120 × 500 0.004 0.0028 standard twill 39 43 50 23
120 × 500 0.004 0.0028 standard twill 45 42 50 23
80 × 700 0.004 0.003 standard twill 35 38 47 42
80 × 700 0.004 0.003 standard twill 53 39 47 42
200 × 900 0.0023 0.0018 standard twill 21 21 20 14
200 × 900 0.0023 0.0018 standard twill 22 21 20 14
200 × 1400 0.0023 0.0016 standard twill 15 15 20 14
200 × 1400 0.0023 0.0016 standard twill 17 14 20 14
128 × 36 0.008 0.0157 reverse plain 84 74 111 n/a
128 × 36 0.008 0.0157 reverse plain 109 73 111 n/a
130 × 30 0.008 0.016 reverse plain 125 110 136 n/a
130 × 30 0.008 0.016 reverse plain 178 110 136 n/a
171 × 46 0.0059 0.0118 reverse plain 71 64 82 n/a
171 × 46 0.0059 0.0118 reverse plain 95 64 82 n/a
630 × 130 0.0016 0.005 reverse plain 20 15 22 n/a
630 × 130 0.0016 0.005 reverse plain 22 20 22 n/a
132 × 16 0.0142 0.0181 reverse twill 219 221 293 n/a
132 × 16 0.0142 0.0181 reverse twill 320 228 293 n/a
325 × 39 0.0059 0.0118 reverse twill 85 90 105 n/a
325 × 39 0.0059 0.0118 reverse twill 128 92 105 n/a
A trademark of Huntington Alloy Corp., Catlettsburg, KY.
A trademark of Haynes International, Inc., Kokomo, IN.
GeoDict is registered as a trademark of Math2Market GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany. The sole source of supply of this simulation program known to the committee
at this time is the GeoDict by Math2Market GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
E2814 − 22
comparison of these results. Due to various factors that will affect the result of each method, exact correlation cannot be expected
(see 6.3). These specifications are only for example, as countless others may be considered for weaving, see Table 1.
6. Technical Requirements
6.1 Filter Cloth Acceptance Criteria—Filter cloth may be manufactured and supplied based on acceptance criteria as agreed with
the supplier. While the normal acceptance criteria should be based on mesh count and wire diameter tolerances, other possibilities
include pore size as predicted by bubble point test method, glass bead challenge test method, the Tittel and Berndt with Blackmore
geometric math model, or geometric computer models.
6.2 Normal Manufacturing Tolerance Criteria—The mesh count and wire diameters shall be specified and acceptance determined
by verification of the tolerances thereon, as these are the controlled parameters during the weaving process.
6.2.1 Wire—The diameter tolerance for wire before weaving commonly should be in accordance with industrial standards as in
accordance with Table 2 (for further information, see Specification A478). It is recognized that mechanical deformation of at least
one of the wires occurs during weaving. Therefore, the diameter measured after weaving can only be used as a guide to the original
nominal diameter.
6.2.2 Mesh Count—Tolerances in mesh count shall be applied separately for warp and shute, in accordance with Table 3.
6.3 Alternative Testing and Prediction Criteria—The following four testing and pore size prediction methods are offered as
optional alternatives to the primary filter cloth acceptance criteria in accordance with 6.2, Normal Manufacturing Tolerance.
Accordingly, if any of these alternatives are to be invoked, the method and specifics must be explicitly agreed to by the user and
supplier.
6.3.1 Bubble Point Testing—The use of this characterization technique shall specify either a minimum pressure or pore size, along
with the nominal mesh designation, and acceptance shall be based on the test result of a sample(s) as agreed.
6.3.1.1 Properly called capillary flow porometry, bubble point testing is based on the fact that the pressure required to force an
air bubble through filter cloth wetted under a test liquid of known surface tension is inversely proportional to the pore size. The
test is conducted by mounting the filter cloth sample in a special test fixture, immersed in a test fluid, air pressure is slowly applied
to the fluid, and a manometer is used to determine the pressure when the first air bubble is observed on the surface. This location
indicates the largest pore size or absolute filtration rating of the sample. SAE Standard ARP-901Test Method E3278 offers a
comprehensive review of bubble point testing physics and details the application of correcting for test fluid surface tension,
immersion depth, and temperature in order to standardize the test result pressure. The sample size is dependent on the test fixture
to be used (for example, 1 in. diameter, 3 in. × 3 in.) (see Fig. 5).
6.3.1.2 It is important to note that the test fundamentally determines a pressure, and a minimum pressure (typically in psi or inches
of water) may be specified as the acceptance criteria. However, as filter cloth is normally rated by the size particle it will retain,
the resulting pressure is often converted to a pore size diameter, commonly expressed in micrometres. A geometric correction or
tortuosity factor is used, defined as the ratio pore size calculation factor (CF) may be generated based on the hydraulic diameter
bubble point pressure and the percolation path fitting particle diameter, using the PoroDict module in the software GeoDict (see
Test Method E3278of the tortuous pore path length a particle must follow to the actual filter cloth thickness. While other factors
are sometimes referenced, ARP-901 suggests a tortuosity factor of 1.65 (constant 342/207) be , subsection 4.2.2 in Summary of
Test Method). Analyzing the non-circular cross-section of the bottle neck of the through-path of each filter cloth specification and
TABLE 2 Tolerances for Stainless Steel Wire in accordance with
Specification A555
Wire Diameter Tolerance
in. mm in. mm
Under 0.0330 to Under 0.84 to 0.61, ±0.0005 ±0.013
0.0240, incl incl
Under 0.0240 to Under 0.61 to 0.30, ±0.0004 ±0.010
0.0120, incl incl
Under 0.0120 to Under 0.30 to 0.20, ±0.0003 ±0.008
0.0080, incl incl
Under 0.0080 to Under 0.20 to 0.12, ±0.0002 ±0.005
0.0048, incl incl
Under 0.0048 Under 0.12 ±0.0001 ±0.003
E2814 − 22
TABLE 3 Tolerance in Mesh Count Tolerance in Mesh ± %
Type Filter Cloth Warp Shute
Standard Weave 2 6
Reverse Weave 2 4
FIG. 5 Test Fixture
generating a unique CF, offers superior correlation than the historic application of a single, common geometric tortuosity factor.
Accordingly, if a pore size is to be the acceptance criteria, a CF shall be stated and applied to the pressure to calculate the pore
diameter (see Appendix X1). Accordingly, if a pore size is to be the acceptance criteria, a tortuosity factor shall be specified and
agreed for use with the supplier (for example, some industry literature suggests 342/236 = 1.45 is more appropriate).
6.3.1.3 Geometric computer models (see 6.3.4) support the logic that this geometric tortuosity factor should be different not only
for plain vs. twill vs. reverse weave specifications, but may vary for individual mesh specifications within each of these mesh types.
Hence it has been observed that using a single factor for all mesh specifications can lead to large variation in calculated pore size
results; again why a minimum pressure is the optimum specification vs. calculated pore size.
6.3.1.3 Further, it should be noted that the same mesh specification can result in different bubble point pressures but not necessarily
due to different pore size (in accordance with ARP-901 this (this can be due to wire roughness, metal chemical characteristics, and
a hysteresis effect). Conversely, the different geometry of different mesh specifications with similar pore size can yield different
bubble point pressures due to different test fluid contact angles.
6.3.2 Glass Bead Testing —The use of this characterization technique shall specify a cu
...