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ASTM C1794-15

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Water Absorption Coefficient by Partial Immersion

Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Water Absorption Coefficient by Partial Immersion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of these tests is to obtain, by means of simple apparatus, reliable and easy to determine values of liquid water transport for capillary active materials expressed in suitable units. These values are for use as part of the material properties in hygrothermal analysis tools for building envelope design and forensic studies. As the topic of liquid transport phenomena in porous materials is very complex, Appendix X1 in ISO 15148 shows some more detailed background information.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines a procedure to determine the water absorption coefficient of a material by partial submersion. The scope is to evaluate the rate of absorption of water due to capillary forces for building materials in contact with normal or driving rain above grade. The procedure is typically suitable mainly for masonry material, plaster, or a coating in combination with a substrate; but it can also be used for insulation materials. This test method is designed to be used only on homogeneous materials and does not apply to materials that are composites or non-homogeneous (for example, Faced Rigid Closed-cell Insulation). It is not within the scope of this standard to determine liquid uptake phenomena in below-grade applications. The water absorption coefficient is mainly used as an input datum for numerical simulation of the combined heat and moisture transport in building envelopes for design and forensic investigation purposes.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. However, derived results can be converted from one system to the other using appropriate conversion factors (see Table 1). (A) The IP unit system includes several meanings of the pound unit lb. In this standard the unit lb refers to pound mass only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2015
ICS
91.100.01 - Construction materials in general
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.33 - Insulation Finishes and Moisture
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C1794-19 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Water Absorption Coefficient by Partial Immersion
Effective Date
15-Sep-2019
Referred By
ASTM E3069-19a - Standard Guide for Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Mass Masonry Walls for Changes to Thermal and Moisture Properties of the Wall
Effective Date
01-Mar-2015

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ASTM C1794-15 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Water Absorption Coefficient by Partial ImmersionASTM C1794-15 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Water Absorption Coefficient by Partial Immersion
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ASTM C1794-15 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Water Absorption Coefficient by Partial Immersion
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1794 − 15
Standard Test Methods for
Determination of the Water Absorption Coefficient by Partial
1
Immersion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1794; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 Other Standards:
ISO9346 Hygrothermalperformanceofbuildingsandbuild-
1.1 This test method defines a procedure to determine the
ing materials—Physical quantities for mass transfer—
water absorption coefficient of a material by partial submer-
Vocabulary
sion. The scope is to evaluate the rate of absorption of water
ISO 15148 Determination of water absorption coefficient by
due to capillary forces for building materials in contact with
partial immersion
normal or driving rain above grade. The procedure is typically
suitable mainly for masonry material, plaster, or a coating in
3. Terminology
combination with a substrate; but it can also be used for
3.1 Definitions of Terms—For definitions associated with
insulation materials. This test method is designed to be used
thermal insulation issues refer to Terminology C168. For
onlyonhomogeneousmaterialsanddoesnotapplytomaterials
definitions associated with water absorption refer to the terms
that are composites or non-homogeneous (for example, Faced
and definitions given in ISO 9346.
Rigid Closed-cell Insulation). It is not within the scope of this
standardtodetermineliquiduptakephenomenainbelow-grade
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
applications.Thewaterabsorptioncoefficientismainlyusedas
3.2.1 homogeneous material, n—materials, which proper-
an input datum for numerical simulation of the combined heat
ties are uniform on a macroscopic scale.
and moisture transport in building envelopes for design and
3.2.2 water absorption coeffıcient, n—mass of water ab-
forensic investigation purposes.
sorbed by a test specimen per face area and per square root of
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
time (see Eq 2).
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.3 Symbols and Units—the Symbols and Units shown in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Table 2 are used.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
4. Summary of Test Method and Use
with the standard. However, derived results can be converted
4.1 Water absorption by partial submersion will be calcu-
from one system to the other using appropriate conversion
lated by measuring the change in weight of the specimen in a
factors (see Table 1).
situation when the bottom surface is in contact with liquid
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
water within a time range of at least 24 h. Liquid water that is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
only adsorbed on the surface shall not be taken into account
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and shall be removed before weighing, for example., by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
blotting with a sponge.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 The purpose is of this test is to derive reliable data on
2. Referenced Documents
the capillary water uptake of building materials in appropriate
2
units using a simple apparatus. These data can also be used as
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material properties for hygrothermal simulation of the building
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
envelope for design and forensic purposes.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC16onThermal
5. Significance and Use
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.33 on Insulation
Finishes and Moisture.
5.1 The purpose of these tests is to obtain, by means of
Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published April 2015. DOI: 10.1520/
simple apparatus, reliable and easy to determine values of
C1794-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1794 − 15
A
TABLE 1 Metric Units and Conversion Factors
including macroscopic particles such as aggregates, the side of
To Obtai
...

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ASTM C1794-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Water Absorption Coefficient by Partial Immersion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of these tests is to obtain, by means of simple apparatus, reliable and easy to determine values of liquid water transport for capillary active materials expressed in suitable units. These values are for use as part of the material properties in hygrothermal analysis tools for building envelope design and forensic studies. As the topic of liquid transport phenomena in porous materials is very complex, Appendix X1 in ISO 15148 shows some more detailed background information.
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1.1 This test method defines a procedure to determine the water absorption coefficient of a material by partial submersion. The scope is to evaluate the rate of absorption of water due to capillary forces for building materials in contact with normal or driving rain above grade. The procedure is typically suitable mainly for masonry material, plaster, or a coating in combination with a substrate; but it can also be used for insulation materials. This test method is designed to be used only on homogeneous materials and does not apply to materials that are composites or non-homogeneous (for example, Faced Rigid Closed-cell Insulation). It is not within the scope of this standard to determine liquid uptake phenomena in below-grade applications. The water absorption coefficient is mainly used as an input datum for numerical simulation of the combined heat and moisture transport in building envelopes for design and forensic investigation purposes.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. However, derived results can be converted from one system to the other using appropriate conversion factors (see Table 1).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ABSTRACT
This specification defines the minimum requirements for inspection agency personnel or testing agency laboratory personnel, or both, and the minimum technical requirements for equipment and procedures utilized in the testing and inspection of construction and materials used in construction. Criteria provided herein shall be used for evaluating the capability of the agency to properly perform designated tests on construction materials, as well as establishing essential characteristics pertaining to the organization, personnel, facilities, and quality systems of the agency.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.1 This specification defines the minimum requirements for agencies engaged in any of the following:
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Standard Practice for Conducting and Evaluating Laboratory Corrosion Tests in Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a controlled corrosive environment that has been utilized to produce relative corrosion information.  
4.2 The primary application of the data from this practice is to evaluate the performance of metallic materials for use in soil environments.  
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Note 1: The corrosivity of soils strongly depends on soluble salt content (related parameters are chemistry and soil resistivity, see Test Methods G57 and G187), acidity or alkalinity (measured by soil pH, see Test Method G51), Temperature, and oxygen content (loose, for example, sand, or compact, for example, clay, soils are extreme examples, see Test Method G200 – oxidation-reduction potential). The manufacturer, supplier, or user, or combination the...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting laboratory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the potential for corrosion attack on engineering materials in soils. The test is conducted under laboratory ambient temperature unless the effect of temperature is being evaluated. This practice does not include provisions for microbiological influenced corrosion (MIC) testing, nor its influence on results.  
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4.1 This test method is of primary significance in determining the acceptability of aggregate with respect to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M.
SCOPE
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4.1 This test method is intended to provide only comparative measurements of surface flame spread and smoke density measurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure conditions described herein.  
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SCOPE
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1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat release rate of materials, products, and assemblies. Other parameters are the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to ignition, smoke and gas production, emissivity, and surface temperature. Examples of test specimens are assemblies of materials or products that are tested in their end-use thickness. Therefore, the test method is suitable for assessing the heat release rate of a wall assembly.  
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5.5 Test Limitations:  
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SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of radiant heat exposure with or without an external ignitor.  
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1.6.1 Heat release measurements at low heat flux levels (2) require special considerations as described in Section A1.1.6.  
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ASTM E136-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Materials that pass this test by complying with the criteria in Section 15 are typically classified as noncombustible materials.  
5.2 While actual building fire exposure conditions are not duplicated, this test method will assist in indicating those materials which do not act to aid combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.  
5.3 Materials passing the test are permitted limited flaming and other indications of combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers the determination under specified laboratory conditions of the combustibility of building materials. Materials passing this test are typically classified as noncombustible materials.  
1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method are shown below.  
1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coated materials.  
1.2.2 This test method is not suitable or satisfactory for materials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwise separate from the measuring thermocouple.  
1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of an intrinsic property.  
1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitative measure of heat generation or combustibility; it simply serves as a test method with selected (end point) measures of combustibility.  
1.2.5 The test method does not measure the self-heating tendencies of materials.  
1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in the nature and form used in building applications. The test specimen consists of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cut from a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses of thin sheets; or (3) placed in a container if composed of granular powder or loose-fiber materials.  
1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific test apparatus and test conditions and are likely to vary when changes are made to one or more of the following: (1) the size, shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2) the distribution of organic content; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the air supply; (5) the location of thermocouples.  
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1.3.2 The furnace for the apparatus for Option B (Test Method E2652) consists of an enclosed refractory tube surrounded by a heating coil with a cone-shaped airflow stabilizer.  
1.4 This test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM C802-14(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods for Construction Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides requirements for planning and conducting an interlaboratory study to obtain data to develop single-operator and multilaboratory precision statements for a test method. It includes methods to evaluate data consistency before carrying out the calculations to develop the precision statement. The procedures are compatible with those in Practice E691.  
4.2 The ILS data obtained from this practice are intended for developing the precision values for writing single-operator and multilaboratory precision statements in accordance with Practice C670.  
4.3 Appendix X1 provides an example to illustrate the calculations to obtain the precision values of the test method from the ILS data. This may be used to check a user-developed electronic spreadsheet for carrying out the calculations.  
4.4 Appendix X2 discusses the additional calculations required for an interlaboratory study of a test method that includes making test specimens as part of the procedure. In this case, batch-to-batch variability needs to be considered.  
4.5 Appendix X3 discusses the use of analysis of variance as an alternative approach to obtain the precision values from the ILS data.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes techniques for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) with the objective of developing the precision statement of a test method. It is designed to be used in conjunction with Practice C670. The methods used in this standard are consistent with those in Practice E691.  
1.2 This practice is not intended for use in programs whose purpose is to develop a test method or to assess the relative variability of two or more test methods. Refer to Practice C1067 for procedures to evaluate the ruggedness of a test method.  
1.3 The system of units for this practice has not been specified. Dimensional quantities in the practice are presented only in examples of calculations.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E119-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the duration for which the types of building elements noted in 1.1 contain a fire, retain their structural integrity, or exhibit both properties during a predetermined test exposure.  
4.2 The test exposes a test specimen to a standard fire controlled to achieve specified temperatures throughout a specified time period. When required, the fire exposure is followed by the application of a specified standard fire hose stream applied in accordance with Practice E2226. The test provides a relative measure of the fire-test-response of comparable building elements under these fire exposure conditions. The exposure is not representative of all fire conditions because conditions vary with changes in the amount, nature and distribution of fire loading, ventilation, compartment size and configuration, and heat sink characteristics of the compartment. Variation from the test conditions or test specimen construction, such as size, materials, method of assembly, also affects the fire-test-response. For these reasons, evaluation of the variation is required for application to construction in the field.  
4.3 The test standard provides for the following:  
4.3.1 For walls, partitions, and floor or roof test specimens:
4.3.1.1 Measurement of the transmission of heat.
4.3.1.2 Measurement of the transmission of hot gases through the test specimen.
4.3.1.3 For loadbearing elements, measurement of the load carrying ability of the test specimen during the test exposure.  
4.3.2 For individual loadbearing members such as beams and columns:
4.3.2.1 Measurement of the load carrying ability under the test exposure with consideration for the end support conditions (that is, restrained or not restrained).  
4.4 The test standard does not provide the following:  
4.4.1 Information as to performance of test specimens constructed with components or lengths other than those tested.  
4.4.2 Evaluation of the degree by which the test sp...
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are applicable to assemblies of masonry units and to composite assemblies of structural materials for buildings, including loadbearing and other walls and partitions, columns, girders, beams, slabs, and composite slab and beam assemblies for floors and roofs. They are also applicable to other assemblies and structural units that constitute permanent integral parts of a finished building.  
1.2 It is the intent that classifications shall register comparative performance to specific fire-test conditions during the period of exposure and shall not be construed as having determined suitability under other conditions or for use after fire exposure.  
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.4 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the test results of building construction assemblies. The results of these tests are one factor in assessing predicted fire performance of building construction and assemblies. Application of these test results to predict the performance of actual building construction requires the evaluation of test conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to e...

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    36 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM D8418-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Material and Construction Standards Related to Sustainability Within Committee D04

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides a list of the standards within Committee D04 that address the use of materials, specifications, and construction practices that could have broader sustainability benefits. This list is current, relative to the approval date of the standard.  
5.2 The standards discussed are listed in the Referenced Documents section.  
5.3 This guide is intended to be used as a reference for an owner, engineer, contractor, or combinations thereof, to identify potential sustainability strategies and the respective material and construction standards and specifications. It is important to note that these standards do not ensure sustainability goals are achieved; rather, they may be useful in determining inputs for sustainability metrics.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to be a reference for locating specific test methods relating to materials and construction standards within the jurisdiction of Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials that could be a strategy used to meet project sustainability goals.  
1.2 The guide needs to be reviewed and updated by Subcommittee D04.99 on Sustainable Asphalt Pavement Materials and Construction, on an as-needed basis, to remain viable.  
1.2.1 Additions or deletions to the reference list in Section 2 shall be submitted to Subcommittee D04.99 and balloted.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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