ASTM C1145-06(2013)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
Standard Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology contains definitions and explanatory notes for the principal words, phrases, and terms used in advanced ceramics technology. The given definitions are technology-specific and are directly applicable to the design, production, testing, analysis, characterization, and use of advanced ceramics for structural, electronic, coating, energy, chemical, nuclear, biomedical, and environmental applications.
1.2 The purpose of the standard terminology is to provide a collected technical resource and reference that promotes a common understanding of the principal technical terms used within the advanced ceramics community and encourages the use of uniform terminology in specifications and reports.
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Designation: C1145 − 06 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Terminology of
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope agglomerate, n—as used in fractography, a cluster of grains,
particles, platelets, or whiskers, or a combination thereof,
1.1 This terminology contains definitions and explanatory
present in a larger solid mass.
notes for the principal words, phrases, and terms used in
advanced ceramics technology. The given definitions are
aggregate, n—a dense mass of particles held together by
technology-specific and are directly applicable to the design,
strong intermolecular or atomic cohesive forces. It is stable
production, testing, analysis, characterization, and use of
to normal handling and ordinary mixing techniques includ-
advanced ceramics for structural, electronic, coating, energy,
ing high-speed stirring and ultrasonics. (C242)
chemical, nuclear, biomedical, and environmental applications.
back-face strain, n—the strain as meaured with a strain gage
1.2 The purpose of the standard terminology is to provide a
mounted longitudinally on the compressive surface of the
collected technical resource and reference that promotes a
specimen, opposite the crack or notch mouth (often this is
common understanding of the principal technical terms used
the top surface of the specimen as tested). (C1421)
within the advanced ceramics community and encourages the
use of uniform terminology in specifications and reports.
base exchange, n—a surface property exhibited by collodial
inorganic materials, usually clays, whereby absorbed surface
2. Referenced Documents
cations are replaced by other cations.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
body, n—the structural portion of a ceramic article, or the
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
material or mixture from which it is made. (C242)
Products
C1259 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
calcine, v (calcination, n)—firing or heating a granular or
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by
particulate solid at less than fusion temperature, but suffi-
Impulse Excitation of Vibration
cient to remove most of its chemically combined volatile
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
matter (that is, H O, CO ) and otherwise to develop the
2 2
Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
desired properties for use.
Stress-Rate Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
C1421 Test Methods for Determination of Fracture Tough-
capillary action, n—the phenomenon of intrusion of a liquid
ness of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
into interconnected small voids, pores, and channels in a
solid, resulting from surface tension.
3. Terminology
casting, drain (hollow casting), v—forming ceramic ware by
absorbed moisture, n—water held within the materials and
introducing a body slip into an open, porous mold, and then
having physical properties not substantially different from
draining off the remaining slip when the cast piece has
ordinary water at the same temperature and pressure.
reached the desired thickness. (C242)
advanced ceramic, n—ahighlyengineered,highperformance,
cermet, n—a composite material or article comprised of a
predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramic material
ceramic and a metal or metal alloy, interdistributed in any of
having specific functional attributes.
various geometrical forms but intimately bonded together.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
chatter, n—an undesirable pattern created on the surface of a
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.91 on
work piece, usually at regularly spaced intervals, due to an
Nomenclature and Editorial.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013. Published March 2013. Originally
out-of-round, out-of-balance condition or due to an induced
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C1145–06. DOI:
natural frequency, or its harmonics, or both, in a grinding
10.1520/C1145-06R13.
machine.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
colloidal particle, n—a dispersed particle with a linear dimen-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. sion of 5 to 100 nm.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1145 − 06 (2013)
comminution, n—the act or process of reduction in particle controlling the rate of rotation of the disk and the size of the
size, usually but not necessarily by grinding or milling. gate opening of the bin.
disk grinder, n—a grinding machine equipped with a large
compositional inhomogeneity, (CI), n—as used in
abrasive disk as the work mechanism.
fractography, a volume-distributed flaw that is a microstruc-
tural irregularity related to the nonuniform distribution of an
disk wheel, n—a bonded abrasive wheel mounted on a plate so
additive, a different crystalline or glass phase or in a
that grinding may be done on the side of the wheel.
multiphase material, the nonuniform distribution of a second
drag, n—the resistance of the foot or base of a ceramic article
phase.
to shrinkage during firing time due to friction with the slab
continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite, n—a
or sagger on which it rests.
ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforcing phase(s)
dressing, n—(1) the process of restoring the efficiency of an
consists of continuous filaments, fibers, yarn, braid, or
abrasive grinding wheel by removal of dulled grains; (2)
knitted or woven fabrics.
reshaping the faces of grinding wheels to special contours.
crack, (CK), n—as used in fractography, a volume-distributed
drum dryer, n—a heated, rotating drum in which tumbling or
flaw that is a plane of fracture without complete separation.
cascading raw materials are dried.
crack deflection, n—a toughening mechanism in advanced
drying oven, n—a closed unit in which specimens are dried by
ceramics or ceramic matrix composites characterized by
heating.
fracture surface roughening and crack tilting/twisting during
propagation around grains or a reinforcing component dry milling, n—the process of reducing the particle size of a
caused by stress fields around the grains or component substance by milling without the use of a liquid medium.
developed through mismatches in thermal expansion or
dry screening, n—the process of separating small sizes of
mechanical properties (such as elastic modulus), or both,
granular or powdered solids from coarser particles by
between grains or between reinforcement and matrix.
passing them through a screen of desired mesh size while in
the dry state.
crack orientation, n—a description of the plane and direction
of a fracture in relation to a characteristic direction of the
drying shrinkage, n—the contraction of a moist body during
product.This identification is designated by a letter or letters
thedryingprocess,expressedaslinearpercentoftheoriginal
indicating the plane and direction of crack extension. The
length or volume percent of the original volume.
letter or letters represent the direction normal to the crack
drying, vacuum, n—the technique of expediting the removal
plane and the direction of crack propagation. (C1421)
of moisture from a material or body by the use of a vacuum
creep, n—the time-dependent part of a strain resulting from
in conjunction with a conventional drying system.
stress.
dual-drum mixer, n—a mixer consisting of a long drum
deairing, n—the process of removing entrapped air or ab-
containing two compartments separated by a bulkhead with
sorbed air from a mass or slurry, usually by application of a
a swinging chute extending through the unit.
vacuum.
durability, n—the property of an article of being resistant to
depth of penetration, n—(1) the distance a penetrant has
physical or chemical damage, or both, under the usual
entered into a solid material as measured from the surface of
conditions of service, and of being useful over extended
the material; (2) the maximum depth at which a magnetic or
periods of time and use.
ultrasonic indication can be measured in a test specimen.
dust pressing, n—the process of forming ceramic bodies of
diamond paste, n—diamond dust dispersed in a paste or slurry 1.5 % or less water content by pressing in a mold.
for use as a grinding or polishing compound.
elastic limit, n—the greatest stress that a material is capable of
sustaining without permanent strain remaining upon com-
diamond tool, n—any tool in which the working area is inset
plete release of the stress. (C1259)
with diamonds or diamond dust.
elastic modulus, n—the ratio of stress to strain below the
diamond wheel, n—a bonded grinding wheel in which the
proportional limit. (C1259)
abrasive grains are crushed and sized natural or synthetic
diamonds.
electric furnace,n—afurnaceorkilninwhichthemainsource
of heat is provided by electrical means.
discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite, n—a ceramic ma-
trix composite material reinforced by chopped fibers.
electrical contact, n—any physical contact between two or
more parts which will permit the flow of electricity between
dish grinder, n—a grinding machine equipped with a dish-
the parts.
shaped abrasive wheel as a grinding mechanism
electrophoresis, n—the movement of colloidal particles or
dish wheel, n—dish-shaped abrasive grinding wheel.
macromolecules through a solution under the action of an
disk feeder, n—a rotating disk beneath the opening of a bin electromotive force applied through electrodes in contact
which delivers material from the bin at a specified rate by with the solution.
C1145 − 06 (2013)
emissivity,n—theratiooftheradiationgivenoffbythesurface fluid-energy mill, n—a size-reduction apparatus in which
of a body to the radiation given off by a perfect black body grinding is achieved by the collision of the particles being
at the same temperature. ground in a high-velocity steam of air, steam, or other fluid.
fluorescent penetrant, n—an inspection penetrant which fluo-
emulsification, n—the process of dispersing an immiscible
resces or glows in ultraviolet light.
liquid in another liquid.
fluxing agent, n—any substance which will promote fusion of
endothermic reaction,n—achemicalreactioninwhichheatis
ceramic materials.
absorbed.
four-point- ⁄4 point flexure, n—configuration of flexural
endurance, thermal, n—the ability of a ceramic product to
strength testing where a specimen is symmetrically loaded at
withstand thermal shock or to withstand deterioration during
two locations that are situated one quarter of the overall
exposure to high temperatures.
span, away from the outer two support bearings.
erosion resistance, electrical, n—the resistance of electrical
fractionation, elastic, n—a process in which soft aggregate is
insulating materials to erosion by the action of electrical
separated from harder aggregate by hurling the composite
discharges.
aggregate against a steel plate, the hard particles rebounding
exothermic reaction, n—a chemical reaction in which heat is farther from the plate than the softer, more friable particles.
evolved.
fractography, n—means and methods for characterizing a
fractured specimen or component.
extrude, v—to shape a plastic body by forcing the body
through a die.
fracture origin, n—the source from which brittle fracture
commences.
extruder, n—a device, such as a pug mill, that forces plastic
bodies through a die of appropriate shape and size in a
fracture, spontaneous, n—cracking or chipping which occurs
continuous column.
without immediately apparent external causes.
feed, gravity, n—the movement of materials from one con-
fracture toughness, n—a generic term for measures of resis-
tainer to another container or location by force of gravity.
tance to crack extension.
filament, n—a long flexible thread of small cross section,
furnace, arc-image, n—a furnace in which high temperatures
usually extruded or drawn.
are produced by focusing radiation from high-temperature
arcs into the furnace chamber.
film, n—a thin coating or layer of a substance over the surface
of another material.
furnace, image, n—a furnace in which high temperatures are
generated by focusing radiation from a high-temperature
fineness, n—a measurement number designating the particle
source, such as the sun or an electric arc.
size of a material, usually reported as passing a screen of a
furnace, recuperative, n—a furnace equipped with a heat
particular standard size.
exchanger in which heat is conducted from the combustion
fines, n—the portions of a powder composed of particles
products through a system of ducts or through flue walls in
smaller than a specified size.
a manner so as to preheat the air as it enters the burner to
unite with the fuel.
finish grinding, n—the completion of a grinding operation to
obtain a desired surface appearance or accurate dimensions.
furnace, regenerative, n—a furnace having a cyclic heat
exchanger which alternately receives heat from gaseous
firing expansion, n—the increase in the dimensions of a
combustion products and transfers heat to the air or gas of
substance or product during thermal treatment.
the fuel mixture before combustion takes place.
fissures, n—surface defects consisting of narrow openings or
furnace, solar, n—an image-type furnace in which solar
cracks.
radiationisfocusedintoarelativelysmallareaasasourceof
heat producing extremely high temperatures.
fixed-feed grinding, n—the process of feeding a material to be
ground to a grinding wheel at a given rate or in specific
furnace, thermal gradient, n—a tubular furnace in which a
increments.
controlled temperature gradient is maintained along its
length.
flexural strength, n—a measure of the ultimate strength of a
specified beam in bending.
fuse, v—to melt or join by the use of heat.
flexural strength, n—a measure of the strength of a specified
fusion casting, n—the process of forming items by casting
beam specimen in bending determined at a given stress rate
molten materials in mold.
in a particular environment. (C1368)
fusion point, n—the temperature or range of temperatures at
fluid carrier, n—a fluid in which particles are suspended to which melting or softening, as a result of partial melting, of
facilitate their movement or application. a composition, will occur.
C1145 − 06 (2013)
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