ASTM D3376-88(2005)

Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The conductivity of the water extract of electrical grade pulp results from electrolytic impurities in the pulp which may be present as ionizable acids, bases, salts, or a combination of these. The presence of electrolytic impurities in electrical insulation is undesirable as they tend to lower insulation resistance and have corrosion-producing tendencies under conditions of applied potential. When comparing test data it should be noted that the extract conductivity of pulps, especially those of high purity, may change with time after manufacturing. This test is useful for routine acceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, and research work.5
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of cellulosic pulps for use in the manufacture of electrical insulating papers and boards or in the direct application of pulp fibers as insulation to electrical conductors. Note 1The significance of any one pulp property test method, as set forth herein, should be considered with discretion depending on the product made from the pulp.
1.2 Sections on Reagents, Sampling, and Report are integral parts of each of the individual test methods that follow.
1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure of either a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheet formed from the pulp.
1.3.1 Bulk characteristics determinable by these procedures appear in the following sections: Note 2Methods for Ash, Silica, selected cations from Ash, Heat Stability, , , and Cellulose, Viscosity, Total Chlorine, Tear, and Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity, will be considered for addition as methods are developed.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This test method includes procedures for determination of tensile strength, elongation, and tensile energy absorption (TEA) on pulp handsheets. Any or all of the three properties may be determined, as may be desired.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2005
• ICS: 85.040 - Pulps
• Technical Committee: D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D3376-88(2000) - Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2005
• Replaced By: ASTM D3376-88(2009) - Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D202-23 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2005
• Referred By: ASTM D3376-18 - Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2005

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation:D3376–88 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Methods of
Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture
of Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3376; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Pentosan Content of Pulp 30 and . T 223
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of
Resistance of Pulp to Disinte- 46-53 . T 239,
cellulosic pulps for use in the manufacture of electrical
gration (Standard RPG) UM 252
Shive Count 35-41 . .
insulatingpapersandboardsorinthedirectapplicationofpulp
Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp 26 and D202 .
fibers as insulation to electrical conductors.
Tensile Properties 68-72 D202 .
NOTE 1—The significance of any one pulp property test method, as set
Water-Extractable Chlorides 14 and D202 .
forth herein, should be considered with discretion depending on the
product made from the pulp.
1.3.2 Handsheet characteristics determinable by these pro-
1.2 SectionsonReagents,Sampling,andReportareintegral
cedures appear in the following sections:
parts of each of the individual test methods that follow.
ASTM TAPPI
1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure of
Sec- Method Method
Procedure tion Reference Reference
either a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheet
formed from the pulp.
Air Resistance (Porosity) 60 and D202 T 205
1.3.1 Bulk characteristics determinable by these procedures
appear in the following sections: Apparent Density 66 and D202 T 205
ASTM TAPPI
Bursting Strength 62 and D202 and D774/ T 205
Sec- Method Method
63 D774M
Procedure tions Reference Reference
Folding Endurance (M.I.T.) 54 and D202 and D2176 T 205
Aqueous Extract Conductivity 8 and 9 D202 .
Forming Handsheets for 58 and . T 205
Aqueous Extract pH 10 and D202 .
Physical Tests of Pulp 59
Tensile Strength 68 and D202 and D828 T 205
Aqueous Extractable Acidity- 12 and D202 .
Alkalinity 13
Analysis of Ash for Cations by 73-81 D1193 and D2576 .
NOTE 2—Methods for Ash, Silica, selected cations from Ash, Heat
Atomic Absorption Spectro-
Stability, a, b, and g Cellulose, Viscosity, Total Chlorine, Tear, and
photometry
Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity, will be considered for
Ash Content 82-85 D202 T 413
addition as methods are developed.
Dirt in Pulp 42 and . T 213
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Fiber Analysis 24 and D202 and D1030 .
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Fiber Length of Pulp 44 and . T 232,
only.
45 T 233
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Freeness (Canadian Standard 56 and . T 227
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Freeness) 57
Kappa Number/Permanganate 28 and . T 236,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Number (Substances Oxi- 29 UM 251
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
dizable by Permanganate)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Laboratory Processing of Pulp 54 and . T 200
(Beater Method) 55
Moisture in Pulp 32-34 . T 210
2. Referenced Documents
Neutral Aqueous Extractable 16-23 D202, D1126, and .
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Hardness in Pulp D2576
D202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D3776–88 (2000). the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3376–88 (2005)
Paper Used for Electrical Insulation 5. Reagents
D774/D774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Use reagent grade chemicals in all
D828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and
tests.Unlessotherwiseindicated,itisintendedthatallreagents
Paperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Appara-
shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on
tus
Analytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society, where
D1030 Test Method for FiberAnalysis of Paper and Paper-
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used,
board
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
D1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
the determination.
D2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the
5.2 Purity of Water—Unlessotherwiseindicated,references
M.I.T. Tester
to water shall be understood to mean water conforming to
D2576 Discontinued 1981; Method of Test for Metals in
Specification D1193, Type III.
WaterandWasteWaterbyAtomicAbsorptionSpectropho-
tometry
6. Sampling
D3376 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be
6.1 Terminology regarding sampling and evaluation termi-
Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
nology shall conform to those in the sampling sections of Test
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Methods D202.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
6.2 Obtainthesampleofpulpfromthelottobeevaluatedin
2.2 TAPPI Standards:
a manner that will maximize the probability that a representa-
T200 Laboratory Processing of Pulp (Beater Method)
tive sample is collected. Where practicable, use one of the
T205 Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of Pulp
sampling plans shown in Test Methods D202. Protect the
T210 Weighing, Sampling, and Testing Pulp for Moisture
material sample from contamination during handling and
T213 Dirt in Pulp
transporting to a laboratory for testing. The instructions for
T221 Drainage Time of Pulp
preparationofspecimensaregiveninthesectionspertainingto
T223 Pentosans in Wood and Pulp
the individual property tests. Take the sample for moisture
T227 Freeness of Pulp
content in accordance with TAPPI T210.
T232 Fiber Length of Pulp by Projection
6.3 Conditionsamplesinacontainersuitableforpreventing
T233 Fiber Length of Pulp by Classification
moisture variation over the period of testing. When test
T236 Kappa Number of Pulp
specimens are drawn, determine the moisture content of the
T413 Ash in Paper and Paperboard
materialtoallowcorrectionofweightstomoisture-freeequiva-
T445 Identification of Specks and Spots in Paper
lent weight.
T1002 Drainage Time for Insulating Board
UM203 Freeness of Pulp (William Tester)
7. Report
UM251 Permanganate Number of Pulp
7.1 At the completion of any or all of the following tests,
UM252 Resistance of Pulp and Paper Stock to Disintegra-
report the test results (as defined in 6.1) of the pulp properties
tion
with identifying units as follows:
7.1.1 Identification of the pulp sampled and tested by lot
3. Terminology
number, type, grade, etc.,
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
7.1.2 Dates of testing,
3.1.1 pulp, n—a fibrous material that is made by chemical
7.1.3 Location of the testing laboratory and the person
or mechanical treatment, or both, of wood, cotton, hemp, or
responsible for the testing,
other cellulosic fiber to achieve substantially separate fibers
7.1.4 Remarks indicating method or procedures used and
that are suitable for a sheet-forming process.
the deviation, if any, from the standard test procedures,
7.1.5 Indication of the variance in test measurements (as
NOTE 3—Electricalinsulationmadefrompulpmaybepapersorboards
used for capacitors, transformer coils, creped papers, etc. It may also be
defined in 6.1) such as high, low, standard deviation, etc., and
pulp applied directly onto electrical conductors.
7.1.6 Any information particular to the cited procedure.
7.2 Reportthetestresults(asdefinedin6.1)ascalculatedor
4. Summary of Test Methods
observed values rounded to the nearest unit in the last
4.1 These test methods describe the specific procedures for
right-hand place of figures used in the material specification to
testingthepropertiesofpulp,bothinitsoriginalbulkformand
express the limiting value. (See the rounding method of
after it has been formed into a handsheet in the testing
Practice E29.)
laboratory.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , American
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
on www.astm.org. listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
Available from TechnicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
P.O.Box105113,Atlanta,GA30348;15TechnologyParkwaySouth,Norcross,GA and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
30092. MD.
D3376–88 (2005)
AQUEOUS EXTRACT CONDUCTIVITY WATER-EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDES
14. Significance and Use
8. Significance and Use
14.1 The occurrence of significant amounts of chloride ion
8.1 The conductivity of the water extract of electrical grade
in a pulp may lead to the incorporation of the ion in the
pulp results from electrolytic impurities in the pulp which may
electrical insulation made from the pulp. The presence of
be present as ionizable acids, bases, salts, or a combination of
chloride ions may adversely affect the electrical properties and
these. The presence of electrolytic impurities in electrical
service life of the insulation. This test is useful for routine
insulation is undesirable as they tend to lower insulation
acceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, and
resistance and have corrosion-producing tendencies under
research testing.
conditions of applied potential. When comparing test data it
should be noted that the extract conductivity of pulps, espe-
15. Procedure
cially those of high purity, may change with time after
manufacturing. This test is useful for routine acceptance
15.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
testing, the comparison of different pulps, and research work.
weight equivalent to4gof moisture-free pulp. For pulps with
higher levels of chloride (greater than 30 ppm) 10 min of
9. Procedure
masceration as in the above method for aqueous extract
conductivity may be used to hasten the extraction followed by
9.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
1 h refluxing as in Test Methods D202. When the chloride
weight equivalent to1gof moisture-free pulp.
content is less than 30 ppm, masceration is not permitted. The
appropriate extraction time must be determined to give com-
AQUEOUS EXTRACT pH
plete extraction of the chloride for each pulp type. Times
greater than 1 h may be necessary.
10. Significance and Use
10.1 The extract pH determination measures the degree to
NEUTRALAQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE HARDNESS
which a pulp alters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure
PULP
water. The test gives a measure of the active acidity or
alkalinity of the pulp extract. The presence of active acidic or
16. Terminology
alkaline contaminants in a pulp may result in their being
16.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
incorporated into the electrical insulation made from the pulp,
16.1.1 aqueous extractable hardness, n—the amount of
andcanleadtoadeteriorationoftheinsulationinservice.This
calcium and magnesium present in pulp and which may be
test is useful for routine acceptance testing, the comparison of
extracted by hot neutral water under prescribed conditions.
different pulps, and research work.
16.1.2 hardness, n—acharacteristicofwaterthatrepresents
the total concentration of calcium and magnesium in the water
11. Procedure
expressed as parts per million (ppm) CaCO .
11.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
weight equivalent to1gof moisture-free pulp.
17. Significance and Use
17.1 Cellulose pulps may contain varying amounts of aque-
AQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE ACIDITY-ALKALINITY
ous extractable hardness as supplied to the purchaser. The
dissolved hardness from the pulp may accumulate in process
12. Significance and Use
water used in wet-forming methods and may interfere with the
12.1 The extract acidity-alkalinity determination for a pulp
actionofprocessadditivesandaffectproductqualityadversely.
measures the quantity of extracted ionizable material, which
17.2 MethodAisthepreferredmethodandshallbeusedfor
alters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure water. The
reference purposes.
presence of active acidic or alkaline contaminants in a pulp
may result in their being incorporated into the electrical
METHOD A
insulation made from the pulp, and can lead to a deterioration
of the insulation in service. This test is useful for routine
18. Procedure
acceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, and
18.1 Extraction:
research.
18.1.1 Prepare extracts of the pulp specimens in accordance
with the Test Methods D202 method for aqueous extract
13. Procedure
conductivity, except:
13.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
18.1.2 Use a specimen weight equivalent to 2.0 g of
weight equivalent to1gof moisture-free pulp.
moisture-freepulp.Determinethemoisturecontentofthepulp
sample on a separate specimen taken at the same time as the
test specimen.
18.1.3 The extraction volume shall be 200 mL.
For more detailed information see Paper and Paperboard—Characteristics ,
18.1.4 Run a blank determination concurrently with the test
Nomenclature, and Significance of Tests, ASTM STP 60 B,Am. Soc. Testing Mats.,
1963, pp. 59–61. specimen determination.
D3376–88 (2005)
fiber sources of known composition, or of authentic fiber samples, and be
18.1.5 Following extraction and filtration, collect the clear
thoroughly familiar with different fibers and their behavior when treated
filtrate and adjust the volume to exactly 200 mL.
with the various stains.
18.2 Determine the calcium and magnesium concentration
of the extract in accordance with Test Method D2576.
25. Procedure
25.1 Follow Test Methods D202 and D1030 using a speci-
19. Calculation
menweightof0.2gofpulpdrawnfromacompositesampleof
19.1 Calculate
...