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ASTM D2595-96(2008)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range

Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The loss of volatile materials from greases and oils can adversely affect the original performance characteristics of a lubricant and, therefore, could be a significant factor in evaluating a lubricant for a specific use. Such volatiles can also be considered contaminants in the environment in which the lubricant is to be used. Correlation between results from this test method and service performance has not been established.
The test method can be used at any specified temperature between 93 and 316°C (200 and 600°F) that may be agreed upon by the user of the method. (Warning—This test method should not be used at temperatures which exceed the flash point of the base oil of the grease.)
Note 1—The specified flow of air, 2.58 ± 0.02 g/min, (2 L/min at standard temperature and pressure), assumes dry air. It is not known that the original work involved dry air but it has since been shown that this can be a factor in reproducibility and should be addressed. Air with a dew point of less than 10°C at standard temperature and pressure will be satisfactory.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of evaporation loss of lubricating greases at temperatures between 93 and 316°C (200 and 600°F). This test method is intended to augment Test Method D 972, which is limited to 149°C (300°F).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see 5.2.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2008
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.G0.03 - Physical Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2595-96(2002)e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Replaced By
ASTM D2595-96(2008)e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range (Withdrawn 2017)
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1868-10(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Loss-On-Drying by Thermogravimetry
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM D972-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases and Oils
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM D2878-21 - Standard Test Method for Estimating Apparent Vapor Pressures and Molecular Weights of Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6185-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Binary Mixtures of Lubricating Greases
Effective Date
01-May-2008

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ASTM D2595-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature RangeASTM D2595-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range
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ASTM D2595-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2595 − 96(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-
1
Temperature Range
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2595; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1.1 Discussion—Thedispersionofthethickenerformsa
two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by
1.1 This test method covers the determination of evapora-
surfacetensionandotherphysicalforces.Otheringredientsare
tionlossoflubricatinggreasesattemperaturesbetween93and
commonly included to impart special properties. D217
316°C (200 and 600°F). This test method is intended to
augment Test Method D972, which is limited to 149°C 3.1.2 thickener, n—a substance composed of finely-divided
(300°F).
particles dispersed in a liquid to form the product’s structure.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Thickeners can be fibers (such as vari-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
ous metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
non-soapthickeners),whichareinsolubleor,atmost,onlyvery
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ments are that the solid particles are extremely small, uni-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
formly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant. D217
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
information, see 5.2.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 A weighed sample of grease in an evaporation cell is
2
placed in a heating device maintained at the desired test
2.1 ASTM Standards:
temperature.Heatedairispassedoverthegreasesurfacefor22
A240/A240MSpecification for Chromium and Chromium-
6 0.1 h. The loss in weight of the sample due to evaporation
Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure
is determined.
Vessels and for General Applications
D217Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
5. Significance and Use
Grease
D972Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating
5.1 The loss of volatile materials from greases and oils can
Greases and Oils
adversely affect the original performance characteristics of a
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
lubricant and, therefore, could be a significant factor in
evaluatingalubricantforaspecificuse.Suchvolatilescanalso
3. Terminology
be considered contaminants in the environment in which the
3.1 Definitions: lubricant is to be used. Correlation between results from this
test method and service performance has not been established.
3.1.1 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of
a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
5.2 The test method can be used at any specified tempera-
ture between 93 and 316°C (200 and 600°F) that may be
agreed upon by the user of the method. (Warning—This test
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
method should not be used at temperatures which exceed the
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
flash point of the base oil of the grease.)
D02.G0.03 on Physical Tests.
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
´1
NOTE 1—The specified flow of air, 2.58 6 0.02 g/min, (2 L/min at
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D2595–96(2002) .
standard temperature and pressure), assumes dry air. It is not known that
DOI: 10.1520/D2595-96R08.
2
theoriginalworkinvolveddryairbutithassincebeenshownthatthiscan
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
be a factor in reproducibility and should be addressed. Air with a dew
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on point of less than 10°C at standard temperature and pressure will be
the ASTM website. satisfactory.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2595 − 96 (2008)
SECTION OF GREASE SAMPLE CUP ALL DIMENSIONS 60.0156 in. (60.4
FIG. 1 Thermocouple Arrangement
mm) UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
FIG. 2 Evaporation Test Cell
3
6. Apparatus
6.1 Evaporati
...

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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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