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ASTM C1378-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Staining

Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Staining

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for the determination of the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces. A unsanded contrasting tile grout, black carbon lamp, waterproof black ink, washable ink, potassium permanganate solution, and methylene blue solutions are the staining agents required for this test method. Also, the following materials and apparatuses are needed: plain end glass test tubes; glass pipets; an oven; lintless, absorbent clothes or paper towels; distilled or deionized water; a light source; cleaning agents; hot water; weak commercial cleaning agent not containing abrasive; strong commercial cleaning agent containing abrasive; and suitable solvents such as hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the resistance to staining of ceramic tile surfaces.  
1.2 The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a specified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleaned in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected visually for change.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2004
ICS
81.060.99 - Other standards related to ceramics
Technical Committee
C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
Drafting Committee
C21.06 - Ceramic Tile
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1378-97 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Staining
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Replaced By
ASTM C1378-04(2009) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Staining
Effective Date
01-Jan-2009

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ASTM C1378-04 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Staining
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 1378 – 04
Standard Test Method for
1
Determination of Resistance to Staining
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1378; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Apparatus
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the resistance 3.1 Test Tubes, plain end glass test tubes with a diameter of
to staining of ceramic tile surfaces. 20 mm and a length of 150 mm.
1.2 The resistance to staining is determined by maintaining 3.2 Pipets, glass pipet with a volume of at least 50 mLwith
test solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for a gradations in 1-mL increments.
specified period of time.After exposure, the surface is cleaned 3.3 Oven, capable of maintaining a constant temperature of
in a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspected 110 6 5°C.
visually for change. 3.4 Cloths, a supply of lintless, absorbent clothes or paper
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the towels.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.5 Distilled or Deionized Water, for preparation of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- solutions.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.6 Light Source, standard light source that supplies a 300
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. lux of illumination.
3.7 Cleaning Agents.
2. Staining Agents
3.7.1 Hot water.
2.1 ContrastingGrout,unsandedtilegrout,appliedasaneat 3.7.2 Weak cleaning agent, a commercial agent, not con-
paste.
taining abrasive, with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.
2
2.2 Carbon Lamp Black. 3.7.3 Strong cleaning agent, a commercial cleaning agent
3
2.3 Waterproof Ink Black.
containing abrasive, with a pH of 9 to 10.
4
2.4 Washable Ink. 3.7.4 Suitable solvents:
2.5 Potassium Permanganate Solution, 1%, prepared from
3 % (v/v) HCI solution, prepared from 38 % hydrochloric
acid by adding 79 mL of the reagent hydrochloride acid
99 % KMnO crystals, dissolve 1g of reagent into 100 mL of
4
solution to 951 mL of distilled water.
distilled water.
20 % KOH solution (200 g/L), prepared by dissolving 200
5
2.6 Methylene Blue Solution, 1%.
g of 90 % potassium hydroxide into 1 L of distilled water.
Acetone (technical grade).
2.7 This test method may be used for exposing tile to any
staining agent deemed appropriate for the expected service
4. Samples
conditions and may specify any reasonable combination of
4.1 Number of Test Specimens—One defect-free test speci-
time and temperature for the exposure period. Exposure
men, which is representative of the entire surface, for each test
substances, time, and temperatures should be selected so as to
solution is to be used.Test specimens shall be representative of
either simulate service conditions, or accelerate staining that is
the sample, and where tiles have different colors of decorative
possible under expected service conditions, or bear some other
effects, care should be taken to include all distinctive parts.
meaningful relation to expected service conditions.
More test specimens may be necessary to incorperate all
surface features.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
4.2 Size of Specimens—The original tile for testing should
Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
be cut to 50- by 50-mm squares for testing with each cut piece
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
labeled according to the testing solution to be applied.
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originally
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C1378–97. 4.3 The sample surfaces should be thoroughly cleaned with
2
Technical grade is available from Fischer Scientific, 2000 Park Lane, Pitts-
a suitable solvent, such as acetone and completely dried before
burgh, PA 15275.
testing.
3
Use permanent black ink, Quint by Parker, or an equivalent.
4
Use washable blue ink, Quint by Parker, or an equivalent.
5
Aqueous solution is available from Fischer Scientific, 2000 Park Lane,
Pittsburgh, PA 15275.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1378–04
4.4 The test specimens can be glazed or unglazed tile. If the three procedures. After each cleaning procedure, the samples
tiles are glazed, then the staining agent should be applied to the are dried thoroughly at 110 6 5°C and cooled to room
glazed surface. temperature.
5.3.1 Procedure A—Flow of running hot water for 5 min;
the surface then is wiped with a damp cloth.
5
...

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4.2 High-strength, monolithic advanced ceramic materials generally characterized by small grain sizes (  
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4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites generally characterized by fine grain-sized (  
4.3 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CFCCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, the volume of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile test may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strengths of CFCCs. However, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CFCCs, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CFCCs have not been completed. It should be noted that tensile strengths obtained using different recommended tensile specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume differences.  
4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.  
4.5 The results of tensile t...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile behavior including tensile strength and stress-strain response under monotonic uniaxial loading of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramics at ambient temperature. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendix. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture.  
1.2 This test method applies primarily to all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D), bidirectional (2D), and tridirectional (3D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrix composites with 1D, 2D, and 3D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7 and 8.2.5.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance...

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ASTM
ASTM C1291-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elevated Temperature Tensile Creep Strain, Creep Strain Rate, and Creep Time to Failure for Monolithic Advanced Ceramics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation under force at a given temperature, and, by implication, the force-carrying capability of the material for limited deformations. Creep rupture tests, properly interpreted, provide a measure of the force-carrying capability of the material as a function of time and temperature. The two tests complement each other in defining the force-carrying capability of a material for a given period of time. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for force-carrying capability that best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.2 This test method may be used for material development, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.3 High-strength, monolithic ceramic materials, generally characterized by small grain sizes (  
4.4 Data obtained for design and predictive purposes shall be obtained using any appropriate combination of test methods that provide the most relevant information for the applications being considered. It is noted here that ceramic materials tend to creep more rapidly in tension than in compression (1-3).4 This difference results in time-dependent changes in the stress distribution and the position of the neutral axis when tests are conducted in flexure. As a consequence, deconvolution of flexural creep data to obtain the constitutive equations needed for design cannot be achieved without some degree of uncertainty concerning the form of the creep equations, and the magnitude of the creep rate in tension vis-a-vis the creep rate in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction shall be obtained in both tension and compression, as well as the expected service stress state.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile creep strain, creep strain rate, and creep time to failure for advanced monolithic ceramics at elevated temperatures, typically between 1073 and 2073 K. A variety of test specimen geometries are included. The creep strain at a fixed temperature is evaluated from direct measurements of the gage length extension over the time of the test. The minimum creep strain rate, which may be invariant with time, is evaluated as a function of temperature and applied stress. Creep time to failure is also included in this test method.  
1.2 This test method is for use with advanced ceramics that behave as macroscopically isotropic, homogeneous, continuous materials. While this test method is intended for use on monolithic ceramics, whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as low-volume-fraction discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not behave as macroscopically isotropic, homogeneous, continuous materials, and application of this test method to these materials is not recommended.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard (see IEEE/ASTM SI 10). The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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