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ASTM E1756-08(2020)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Moisture is a ubiquitous and variable component of any biomass sample. Moisture is not considered a structural component of biomass and can change with storage and handling of biomass samples. The determination of the total solids content allows for the correction of biomass samples to an oven-dried solids mass that is constant for a particular sample.  
4.2 This procedure is not suitable for biomass samples that visibly change on heating to 105 °C, for example, unwashed acid-pretreated biomass still containing free acid.  
4.3 Some materials that contain large amount of free sugars or proteins will caramelize or brown under direct infrared heating elements used in Test Method B. Total solids in these materials should be done by Test Method A.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of total solids remaining after drying a sample. Materials suitable for this procedure include samples prepared in accordance with Practice E1757 and extractive-free material prepared in accordance with Test Method E1690. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E871 should be used.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2020
ICS
65.040.20 - Buildings and installations for processing and storage of agricultural produce
Technical Committee
E48 - Bioenergy and Industrial Chemicals from Biomass
Drafting Committee
E48.05 - Biomass Conversion
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1756-08(2015) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020
Refers
ASTM E1757-19 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Refers
ASTM E871-82(2019) - Standard Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Refers
ASTM E1757-01(2015) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Refers
ASTM E871-82(2013) - Standard Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels
Effective Date
15-Aug-2013
Refers
ASTM E1690-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Extractives in Biomass
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Refers
ASTM E1757-01(2007) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis
Effective Date
15-Nov-2007
Refers
ASTM E871-82(2006) - Standard Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Refers
ASTM E1757-95 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Refers
ASTM E1690-01 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Extractives in Biomass
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Refers
ASTM E1690-95 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Extractives in Biomass
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Refers
ASTM E1757-01 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Refers
ASTM E871-82(1998) - Standard Method of Moisture Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels
Effective Date
01-Jan-1987
Referred By
ASTM E1755-01(2020) - Standard Test Method for Ash in Biomass
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020
Referred By
ASTM E1721-01(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Acid-Insoluble Residue in Biomass
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020

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ASTM E1756-08(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E1756 −08 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Total Solids in Biomass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1756; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The total solids content is used to adjust the mass of the biomass so that all analytical results may
be reported on a moisture-free basis. Total solids content may be determined by overnight drying at
105 °C in a convection oven or with a loss-on-drying moisture analyzer.
1. Scope E1757 Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Composi-
tional Analysis
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
of total solids remaining after drying a sample. Materials
3. Terminology
suitable for this procedure include samples prepared in accor-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
dance with Practice E1757 and extractive-free material pre-
3.1.1 oven-dried solids—the solids remaining after heating
pared in accordance with Test Method E1690. For particulate
the prepared biomass at 105 °C to constant mass. For the
wood fuels, Test Method E871 should be used.
purposes of this procedure, the moisture content of a biomass
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
sample is considered to be the amount of mass lost during the
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
drying of the sample at 105 °C to constant mass. An inherent
standard.
error of this and any oven-drying procedure is that volatile
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
substances other than water are removed from the sample
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
during drying.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 prepared biomass—the biomass that has been pro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
cessed according to Practice E1757.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
4. Significance and Use
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 Moisture is a ubiquitous and variable component of any
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
biomass sample. Moisture is not considered a structural com-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ponentofbiomassandcanchangewithstorageandhandlingof
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
biomass samples. The determination of the total solids content
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
allows for the correction of biomass samples to an oven-dried
2. Referenced Documents
solids mass that is constant for a particular sample.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 This procedure is not suitable for biomass samples that
E871 Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate
visibly change on heating to 105 °C, for example, unwashed
Wood Fuels
acid-pretreated biomass still containing free acid.
E1690 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Extrac-
4.3 Some materials that contain large amount of free sugars
tives in Biomass
or proteins will caramelize or brown under direct infrared
heating elements used in Test Method B. Total solids in these
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E48 on
materials should be done by Test Method A.
Bioenergy and Industrial Chemicals from Biomass and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E48.05 on Biomass Conversion.
5. Apparatus and Materials
Current edition approved July 1, 2020. Published August 2020. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1756 – 08(2015).
5.1 Analytical Balance, sensitive to 0.1 mg.
DOI: 10.1520/E1756-08R20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 5.2 Drying Oven, 105 6 3 °C (Test Method A only).
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.3 Desiccator, containing anhydrous calcium sulfate (Test
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Method A only).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1756−08 (2020)
TABLE 1 Critical Difference, Percent of Grand Average, For the TABLE 2 Width of 95% Confidence Limits, Percent of Grand
A,B A,B
Conditions Noted Average, For the Conditions Noted
Number of Number of
Observations Single Operator Observations Single Operator
Test Conditions Test Conditions
in Precision in Precision
Each Average Each Average
Test Method A, hybrid poplar 1 0.55 Test Method A, hybrid poplar 1 0.39
2 0.39 2 0.28
Test Method A, fermentation residue 1 1.35 Test Method A, fermentation residue 1 0.95
2 0.95 2 0.67
Test Method B, hybrid poplar 1 0.56 Test Method B, hybrid poplar 1 0.40
2 0.40 2 0.28
Test Method B, switchgrass 1 0.89 Test Method B, switchgrass 1 0.63
2 0.63 2 0.45
A A
The critical differences were calculated with z = 1.960. The critical differences were calculated with z = 1.960.
B B
To convert the values of the critical differences to units of measure, multiply the To convert the values of the critical differences to units of measure, multiply the
critical differences by the average of the two specific sets of data being compared critical differences by the average of the two specific sets of data being compared
and divide by 100. and divide by 100.
8. Calculation: Test Method A
8.1 Calculate the mass percent of the total solids obtained
5.4 MoistureAnalyzer, infraredheated,20gcapacity,1mg
by drying at 105 °C as
resolution (Test Method B only).
%T 5 m 2 m / m 2 m 3100% (1)
~ ! ~ !
5.5 Drying Pans, disposable, aluminum, 10 cm diameter, 105 f1 t i1 t
suitable for moisture analyzer (Test Method B only).
where:
%T = mass percent of total solids based on 105 °C dry
6. Sampling
mass,
6.1 The sample is material prepared according to Practice
m = tare m
...

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4.1 The acid-insoluble residue content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
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4.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other inorganic matter in biomass.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the mass percent of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 575 ± 25 °C), of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105 °C oven-dried mass of the sample. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E1534 should be used.  
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1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), cellulosic feedstocks pretreated to improve suitability for fermentation, cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and fermentation residues into a uniform material suitable for compositional analysis. This practice is intended for samples that need to be dried prior to analysis.  
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4.1 The acid-insoluble residue content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other inorganic matter in biomass.  
4.2 The ash content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the mass percent of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 575 ± 25 °C), of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105 °C oven-dried mass of the sample. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E1534 should be used.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The structural carbohydrate content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
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1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and softwoods, herbaceous materials, such as sericea and switchgrass, agricultural residues, such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse, wastepaper, such as boxboard, office waste, and newsprint, acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass, washed free of any residual acid or alkali, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues.  
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1.3.1.2 45 °C Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the 45 °C dried sample.
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1.4 This standard method is generally not suitable for samples that contain soluble, nonstructural carbohydrates unless they are removed prior to analysis.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See Section 8 for specific hazards statements.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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