ASTM D4032-08(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular Bend Procedure
Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular Bend Procedure
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D4032 for testing stiffness of fabrics is considered satisfactory for quality control testing. It may also be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively in the trade field. In cases of differences in values reported by purchaser and seller using Test Method D4032 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratories of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens taken homogeneously from a lot of material of the type being evaluated. Specimens should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laboratories.
The circular bend procedure gives a force value related to fabric stiffness, simultaneously averaging stiffness in all directions. The stiffness tests in Test Methods D1388 are of the single directional type.
The circular bend procedure is simple to perform and may be used for knitted, woven, or nonwoven fabrics, provided gage capacity is in keeping with fabric range tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stiffness of fabrics by the circular bend procedure.
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to all types of fabrics, including woven, knitted and nonwovens, of any fiber content.
Note 1—For other methods of testing for stiffness, refer to Test Methods D1388.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be considered as standard; the values in inch-pound units are included for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D4032 − 08(Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular Bend Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4032; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stiff- 4.1 A plunger forces a flat, folded swatch of fabric through
ness of fabrics by the circular bend procedure. an orifice in a platform. The maximum force required to push
the fabric through the orifice is an indication of the fabric
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to all types of
stiffness (resistance to bending).
fabrics, including woven, knitted and nonwovens, of any fiber
content.
5. Significance and Use
NOTE 1—For other methods of testing for stiffness, refer to Test
5.1 Test Method D4032 for testing stiffness of fabrics is
Methods D1388.
considered satisfactory for quality control testing. It may also
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be considered as
be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since
standard; the values in inch-pound units are included for
the test method has been used extensively in the trade field. In
information only.
cases of differences in values reported by purchaser and seller
using Test Method D4032 for acceptance testing, the statistical
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
bias, if any, between the laboratories of the purchaser and the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
seller should be determined with each comparison being based
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
on the testing of specimens taken homogeneously from a lot of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
material of the type being evaluated. Specimens should be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
randomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laborato-
2. Referenced Documents ries.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.2 The circular bend procedure gives a force value related
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles to fabric stiffness, simultaneously averaging stiffness in all
D1388 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics directions. The stiffness tests in Test Methods D1388 are of the
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles single directional type.
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
5.3 The circular bend procedure is simple to perform and
Methods
maybeusedforknitted,woven,ornonwovenfabrics,provided
gage capacity is in keeping with fabric range tested.
3. Terminology
6. Apparatus
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.60, Fabric Test
Methods, Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.
6.1 Circular Bend Stiffness Tester, (Figs. 1 and 2), having
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
the following parts:
circular bend, stiffness.
6.1.1 Platform,102by102by6mm(4by4by ⁄4 in.)
smooth-polished chrome-plated steel plate with a 38.1-mm
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-
(1.50-in.)diameterorifice.Thelapedgeoftheorificeshouldbe
nology D123.
at a 45° angle to a depth of 4.8 mm ( ⁄16 in.) (see Fig. 3).
6.1.2 Plunger, 25.4-mm (1.00-in.) diameter, mounted con-
1 centric with orifice, 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) clearance on all sides.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, The bottom of the plunger should be set at 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.) above
Specific.
the top of the orifice plate. From this position, the downward
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
stroke length is 57 mm (2 ⁄4 in.).
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4032 – 08. DOI:
6.1.3 Force-Measurement Gage, dial or digital type (see
10.1520/D4032-08R12.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
9.3).
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Apparatus is commercially available.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4032 − 08 (2012)
FIG. 1 King Manual Operated Dial Model
of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk,
6.1.3.1 Dial gages with maximum reading pointer in differ-
consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
ent capacities ranging from 1 to 50 lbf, 0.5 to 25 kgf, or 5 to
200 N with 100 graduations minimum; or 7.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
6.1.3.2 Digital gage with maximum reading “hold” feature tance testing, take a full swatch 1 m (1 yd) long from the end
and capacity of 100 lbf, 50 kgf, or 500 N, with 1000 of each roll of fabric in the lot sample, after first discarding a
graduations minimum.
minimum of1m(1yd)of fabric from the very outside of the
6.1.4 Actuator, manual or pneumatic. rolls.
6.2 Specimen Marking Template, (102 by 204 mm) 4.0 by
8. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens
8.0 in.
8.1 Using the specimen marking template specified in 6.2,
6.3 Stop Watch, for checking stroke speed.
mark and cut five test specimens from staggered areas of each
7. Sampling swatchinthelaboratorysample.Theshortsideofthespecimen
must be parallel to the machine (length) direction of the fabric.
7.1 Lot Size—For sampling purposes, a lot is defined as a
Cut no specimens closer to the selvage than one tenth of the
single shipment of a single style of fabric.Alot may constitute
fabric width. Lay each specimen face down and fold the
all or part of a single customer order.
specimen once to form a square 4 by 4 in. (102 by 102 mm).
7.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing;
After folding, use the template and hand pressure to flatten the
take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an
crease. Handling of specimens must be kept to a minimum and
applicable material specification or other agreement between
to the edges to avoid affecting stiffness properties.
thepurchaserandthesupplier.Considerrollsoffabrictobethe
NOTE 3—When otherwise agreed upon, as when specified in an
primary sampling units.
applicable material specification, the purchaser and the seller may change
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the the number of test specimens per swatch from the laboratory sample.
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability NOTE 4—Fabrics may also be tested face-to-face when the technical
between rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch fr
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