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ASTM C297/C297M-15

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions

Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In a sandwich panel, core-to-facing bond integrity is necessary to maintain facing stability and permit load transfer between the facings and core. This test method can be used to provide information on the strength and quality of core-to-facing bonds. It can also be used to produce flatwise tensile strength data for the core material. While it is primarily used as a quality control test for bonded sandwich panels, it can also be used to produce flatwise tensile strength data for structural design properties, material specifications, and research and development applications.  
5.2 Factors that influence the flatwise tensile strength and shall therefore be reported include the following: facing material, core material, adhesive material, methods of material fabrication, facing stacking sequence and overall thickness, core geometry (cell size, cell wall thickness), core density, adhesive thickness, specimen geometry, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, loading procedure, speed of testing, facing void content, adhesive void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement. Properties that may be derived from this test method include flatwise tensile strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the flatwise tensile strength of the core, the core-to-facing bond, or the facing of an assembled sandwich panel. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2015
ICS
83.120 - Reinforced plastics
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.09 - Sandwich Construction
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C297/C297M-04(2010) - Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Replaced By
ASTM C297/C297M-16 - Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Apr-2016
Referred By
ASTM C481-99(2016) - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Aging of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM E874-19 - Standard Practice for Adhesive Bonding of Aluminum Facings to Nonmetallic Honeycomb Core for Shelter Panels
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2570/E2570M-07(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Water-Resistive Barrier (WRB) Coatings Used under Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) or EIFS with Drainage
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1556-20 - Standard Specification for Epoxy Resin System for Composite Skin, Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Repair
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM D7793-21 - Standard Specification for Insulated Vinyl Siding
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM D7446-09(2017) - Standard Specification for Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) Adhesives for Laminating Oriented Strand Board (OSB) to Rigid Cellular Polystryene Thermal Insulation Core Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM E865-20 - Standard Specification for Structural Film Adhesives for Honeycomb Sandwich Panels
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2568-17a - Standard Specification for PB Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM C1167-22 - Standard Specification for Clay Roof Tiles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1307-18 - Standard Practice for Surface Preparation and Structural Adhesive Bonding of Precured, Nonmetallic Composite Facings to Structural Core for Flat Shelter Panels
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM D5687/D5687M-20 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation
Effective Date
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C297/C297M − 15
StandardTest Method for
1
Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C297/C297M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D3039/D3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Poly-
mer Matrix Composite Materials
1.1 This test method determines the flatwise tensile strength
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
of the core, the core-to-facing bond, or the facing of an
Materials
assembled sandwich panel. Permissible core material forms
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa
D5229/D5229M Test Method for MoistureAbsorption Prop-
wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
surfaces (such as honeycomb).
Composite Materials
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
Lot or Process
standard.
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.2.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in
ASTM Test Methods
brackets.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
2. Referenced Documents
2
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C271/C271M Test Method for Density of Sandwich Core
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
Materials
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
C274 defines terms relating to structural sandwich construc-
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
tions. Terminology D883 defines terms relating to plastics.
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Terminology E6 defines terms relating to mechanical testing.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
statistics.Intheeventofaconflictbetweenterms,Terminology
Resins
D3878 shall have precedence over the other terminologies.
D2734 TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics
3.2 Symbols:
3.2.1 A—cross-sectional area of a test specimen
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
3.2.2 CV—coefficient of variation statistic of a sample
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on
population for a given property (in percent)
Sandwich Construction.
Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originally
3.2.3 e—edge tolerance between specimen and loading
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C297/
blocks
C297M – 04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/C0297_C0297M-15.
ftu
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.4 F —ultimate flatwise tensile strength
z
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.5 P —maximumforcecarriedbytestspecimenbefore
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on max
the ASTM website. failure
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C297/C297M − 15
3.2.6 S — standard deviation statistic of a sample popula- bending from the test system. Bending may occur as a result of
n-1
tion for a given property misaligned grips, poor specimen preparation, or poor align-
ment of the loading blocks and
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C297/C297M − 04 (Reapproved 2010) C297/C297M − 15
Standard Test Method for
1
Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C297/C297M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the flatwise tensile strength of the core, the core-to-facing bond, or the facing of an assembled
sandwich panel. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams)
as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.2.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C271/C271M Test Method for Density of Sandwich Core Materials
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
D3039/D3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology C274
defines terms relating to structural sandwich constructions. Terminology D883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on Sandwich
Construction.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010April 1, 2015. Published December 2010April 2015. Originally approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 as
C297/C297M – 04.C297/C297M – 04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/C0297_C0297M-04R10.10.1520/C0297_C0297M-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C297/C297M − 15
defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event
of a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have precedence over the other terminologies.
3.2 Symbols:
A = cross-sectional area of a test specimen
CV = coefficient of variation statistic of a sample population for
...

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1.5.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8132/D8132M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Prepreg Impregnation by Permeability Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is well known that the prepreg impregnation level affects handling characteristics, tack and drape, and final part quality. Resin impregnation level is the dominant factor in the ability of removing air and volatiles from the layup during processing. Partially impregnated prepreg materials can in some applications provide higher quality, lower void content composite parts, and are becoming increasingly more common due to the desire to cure out-of-autoclave, using vacuum bag-only processes. This test can identify small changes in the material impregnation level which can assist in definition of production processes or shipping and handling procedures. The value of permeability can be used for specifying ranges as acceptance requirements for prepreg materials, thus enabling the prepreg manufacturer and user greater confidence in the ability to produce repeatable and high quality parts. This test directly determines the actual air flow propensity of the material tested without any applied compaction pressure during testing.  
5.2 Factors that influence the permeability of the tested prepreg material shall be reported including: prepreg material, orientation, location on roll, width, length, thickness, and actual atmospheric pressure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane permeability of composite prepreg (pre-impregnated) materials as a measure of level of impregnation. Permissible prepreg materials include those reinforced with carbon, glass, aramid, thermoplastic and other fibers impregnated with a thermoset or thermoplastic matrix resin, creating a single ply sheet material. The reinforcements may be unidirectional or woven fabrics.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5961/D5961M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the bearing response of pinned or fastened joints using multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by double-shear tensile loading (Procedure A), single-shear tensile or compressive loading of a two-piece specimen (Procedure B), single-shear tensile loading of a one-piece specimen (Procedure C), or double-shear compressive loading (Procedure D). Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for each procedure. However, when fully documented in the test report, a number of test parameters may be optionally varied. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a bearing response test method.  
1.3 The multi-fastener test configurations described in this test method are similar to those used by industry to investigate the bypass portion of the bearing bypass interaction response for bolted joints, where the specimen may produce either a bearing failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Note that the scope of this test method is limited to bearing and fastener failure modes. Use Test Method D7248/D7248M for by-pass testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7766/D7766M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Damage Resistance Testing of Sandwich Constructions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides supplemental instructions that allow Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made using sandwich constructions. Knowledge of the damage resistance properties of a sandwich panel is useful for product development and material selection.  
5.2 Sandwich damage resistance testing can serve the following purposes:  
5.2.1 To establish quantitatively the effects of facing geometry, facing stacking sequence, facing-to-core interface, core geometry (cell size, cell wall thickness, core thickness, etc.), core density, core strength, processing and environmental variables on the damage resistance of a particular sandwich panel to a concentrated quasi-static indentation force, drop-weight impact force, or impact energy.  
5.2.2 To compare quantitatively the relative values of the damage resistance parameters for sandwich constructions with different facing, core or adhesive materials. The damage response parameters can include dent depth, damage dimensions and location(s), indentation or impact force magnitudes, impact energy magnitudes, as well as the force versus time curve.  
5.2.3 To impart damage in a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance tests, such as Test Method D8287/D8287M and Practice D8388/D8388M.  
5.2.4 Quasi-static indentation tests can also be used to identify a specific sequence of damage events (only the final damage state is identifiable after a drop-weight impact test).  
5.3 The properties obtained using these practices can provide guidance in regard to the anticipated damage resistance capability of sandwich structures with similar materials, geometry, stacking sequence, and so forth. However, it must be understood that the damage resistance of a sandwich structu...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying laminate quasi-static indentation and drop-weight impact test methods to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb, truss cores and fiber-reinforced cores).  
1.2 This practice supplements Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) with provisions for testing sandwich specimens. Several important test specimen parameters (for example, facing thickness, core thickness and core density) are not mandated by this practice; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.  
1.3 Three test procedures are provided. Procedures A and B correspond to D6264/D6264M test procedures for rigidlybacked and edge-supported test conditions, respectively. Procedure C corresponds to D7136/D7136M test procedures. All three procedures are suitable for imparting damage to a sandwich specimen in preparation for subsequent damage tolerance testing in accordance with Test Method D8287/D8287M (compressive loading) and Practice D8388/D8388M (flexural loading).  
1.4 In general, Procedure A is considered to be the most suitable procedure for comparative damage resistance assessments, due to reduced influence of flexural stiffness and support fixture characteristics upon damage formation. However, the selection of a test procedure and associated support conditions should be done in consideration of the intended structural application, and as such Procedures B and C may be more appropriate for comparative purposes for some applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not ...

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