ASTM F2362-03(2009)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Temperature Monitoring Equipment
Standard Specification for Temperature Monitoring Equipment
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for temperature monitoring equipment for use in general applications. Such equipment shall be comprised of a temperature sensor in combination with a signal conditioner, a power supply, and a test device. Temperature sensors covered by this specification are divided into thermocouples, which measure direct or differential temperature, and resistance thermometers, which measure temperature changes based on changes in resistance of sensor element exposed to temperature. Each of these types of sensors may further be classified as follows. Thermocouples can be classified into three classes based on materials and temperature ranges: base metal, noble metal, and refractory metal. Resistance thermometers, on the other hand, can be classified according to the type of sensor element used: metal sensor element (resistance temperature detector or RTD) or semiconductor sensor element (thermistor). RTDs are available in various design configurations including averaging, annular, and combination RTD-thermocouple, while thermistors are classified based on the configuration of the semiconductor sensor element: bead, disc, washer, or rod. Qualification test shall be performed on the equipment and shall comply with the physical property and performance requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for equipment intended to provide control input and monitoring of temperatures in general applications. Equipment described in this specification includes temperature indicators, signal conditioners and power supplies, and temperature sensors such as thermocouples and resistance temperature element assemblies.
1.2 Special requirements for Naval shipboard applications are included in the Supplementary Requirements section.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:F2362 −03(Reapproved 2009) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Temperature Monitoring Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2362; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope temperature changes. The following describes the most com-
mon types of sensors:
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for equip-
ment intended to provide control input and monitoring of
4.2 Thermocouples—Thermocouples are constructed in a
temperatures in general applications. Equipment described in
variety of designs to provide measurement of direct or differ-
this specification includes temperature indicators, signal con-
ential temperature. Thermocouples are commonly installed
ditioners and power supplies, and temperature sensors such as
using a thermowell which protects the thermocouple but also
thermocouples and resistance temperature element assemblies.
delays the rapid response time characteristic of thermocouples.
1.2 Special requirements for Naval shipboard applications
4.2.1 Principle of Operation—Most thermocouples utilize
are included in the Supplementary Requirements section.
two wires fabricated from dissimilar metals joined at one end
to form a measuring junction that is exposed to the process
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
medium being measured. The other ends of the wires are
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
usually terminated at a measuring instrument which forms a
only.
reference junction. When the two junctions are exposed to
2. Referenced Documents different temperatures, electrical current will flow through the
2 circuit (Seebeck Effect). The measurement of millivoltage
2.1 ASTM Standards:
resulting from the current is proportional to the temperature
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
being sensed.
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
4.2.2 Types of Thermocouples—Thermocouples can be di-
etry
vided into functional classes by materials and therefore,
3. Terminology
temperature ranges. The three classes are base metal, noble
metal, and refractory metal. Although many types are com-
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terminology shall be in ac-
monlyusedinindustrialapplications,theInstrumentSocietyof
cordance with Terminology E344.
America (ISA) has assigned letter designations to seven types.
By convention, the practice of using a slash mark to separate
4. Classification
the materials of each thermocouple wire is widely accepted.
4.1 General—Temperature measuring devices are generally
Likewise, the order in which the materials appear also denotes
classified as either temperature sensors or thermometers. Ther-
polarity of the wires; positive/negative when the measuring
mometers are not covered by this specification. Temperature
junction is at a higher temperature than the reference junction.
sensors are classified by design and construction. Sensors may
The following are examples of typical thermocouples:
also be classified by the manner of response, basically me-
Temperature
chanical or electrical, to a change in temperature. Mechanical
Class Type Materials
(max)
response is characterized by some mechanical action as tem-
Base metal J Iron/constantan 1000°C (1832°F)
perature changes. Electrical response is characterized by the Base metal T Copper/constantan 1000°C (1832°F)
Base metal K Chromel/Alumel 1000°C (1832°F)
production or change of an electrical signal or property as
Base metal E Chromel/constantan 1000°C (1832°F)
Base metal --- Alloys of copper, nickel, iron, 1000°C (1832°F)
chromium,
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships manganese, aluminum, and
other metals
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 on
Noble metal --- Various noble metals 2000°C (3632°F)
Electrical.
Refractory --- Tungsten-rhenium, tantalum, 2600°C (4712°F)
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally
metal molybdenum,
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F2362 - 03. DOI:
and their alloys
10.1520/F2362-03R09.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.3 Resistance Temperature Measuring Devices—
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Resistance thermometers measure changes in temperature
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. based on changes in resistance of the sensor element exposed
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2362−03 (2009)
to the temperature. Two common types are resistance tempera- temperature monitoring equipment may consist of the follow-
ture detectors which have metal sensor elements and thermis- ing units and may be built integrally together and housed in the
tors which have semiconductor sensor elements. same enclosure:
7.1.1 Signal Conditioner—The signal conditioner shall con-
4.3.1 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)—An RTD
vert the sensing element output to a continuous linear analog
consists of sensor which uses a metal wire or fiber which
signal directly proportional to temperature.
responds to changes in temperature by changing its resistance.
7.1.2 Power Supply—The power supply shall provide exci-
The sensor is connected to a readout via a bridge circuit or
other means of translating the resistance to a temperature tation energy to the signal conditioner and sensor.
7.1.3 Test Device—A test device shall be furnished to
value.
provide a calibrated test signal used for calibrating the equip-
4.3.1.1 Types of RTDs—RTD designs include averaging
ment.
RTDs, annular RTDs, and combination RTD-thermocouples.
Averaging RTDs are characterized by a long resistance ele-
7.2 Size and Weight Considerations—Adimensional outline
ment.Annular RTDs have sensors that are designed to provide
of the temperature monitoring equipment showing overall and
a tight fit within the inner walls of thermowells. Combination
principle dimensions in sufficient detail to establish space
RTD-thermocouples have both an RTD and a thermocouple
requirements in all directions necessary for installation and
housed in the same sheath.
servicing will greatly assist proper selection. In many applica-
4.3.2 Thermistors—Thermistors are made of solid semicon-
tions weight is a critical limitation.
ductor materials, usually complex metal oxides, that have a
7.3 General Features—Requirements for general features
high coefficient of resistance. Thermistors are available with
shall be specified. General features consist of the following:
positiveandnegativetemperaturecoefficientsofresistanceand
7.3.1 Output,
are usually designated PTC and NTC thermistors, respectively.
7.3.2 Equipment range,
The temperature range for typical thermistors is 100 to 300°C
7.3.3 Adjustments,
(212 to 572°F).
7.3.4 Failsafe output,
4.3.2.1 Types of Thermistors—Thermistors are classed by
7.3.5 Isolation,
the configuration of the semiconductor material. Common
7.3.6 Enclosure,
types are the bead, disc, washer, and rod thermistors. Leads are
7.3.7 Power supply requirements, and
attachedtosemiconductormaterials,exceptwheremetalplated
7.3.8 Cable entrance and connection.
faces are used for contact to complete the circuit.
8. Performance Requirements
5. Ordering Information
8.1 Service Life—The purchaser may have a minimum
5.1 The purchaser should provide the manufacturer with all
specified service life requirement. Critical service life require-
of the pertinent application data outlined in the acquisition
ments shall be specified in the acquisition requirements.
requirements.
8.2 Performance Considerations—Certain performance
5.2 Acquisition Requirements—Acquisition documents
characteristics may be deemed critical to the intended or
should specify the following:
desired function of temperature monitoring equipment. Perfor-
5.2.1 Title, number and date of this specification,
mance tolerances are usually expressed in percent of equip-
5.2.2 Classification required,
ment span. The following performance characteristics and
5.2.3 Quantity of units required, environmentalexposuresshouldbetailoredtoeachpurchaser’s
5.2.4 Type of enclosure mounting, intended application:
8.2.1 Accuracy,
5.2.5 Power requirements,
8.2.2 Repeatability,
5.2.6 Equipment temperature ranges,
8.2.3 Threshold and deadband,
5.2.7 Size or weight limitations,
8.2.4 Ripple,
5.2.8 Disposition of qualification test samples,
8.2.5 Warm-up time,
5.2.9 Product marking requirements, and
8.2.6 Input resistance,
5.2.10 Special preservation, packaging, packing and mark-
8.2.7 Supply voltage or frequency, or both,
ing requirements.
8.2.8 Temperature error,
8.2.9 Response time,
6. Materials and Manufacture
8.2.10 Temperature,
6.1 Temperature Sensors—The materials for all wetted parts
8.2.11 Insulation resistance,
shall be selected for long term compatibility with the process
8.2.12 Vibration, and
medium.
8.2.13 Shock.
7. Physical Properties
9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
7.1 Description—The equipment specified herein in con- 9.1 Finish and Appearance—Any special surface finish and
junction with the thermocouples or resistance temperature appearance requirements shall be specified in the acquisition
measuring elements comprise a temperature instrument. The requirements.
F2362−03 (2009)
10. Number of Tests and Retests usually less intensive than qualification, often verifying that
samples of a production lot meet a few critical performance
10.1 Test Specimen—The number of test specimens to be
requirements.
subjected to qualification testing shall depend on the sensor
design. If each range is covered by a separate and distinct
13. Certification
design, a test specimen for each range may require testing. In
13.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, the
instances where a singular design series may cover multiple
purchaser shall be furnished certification that samples repre-
ranges and types, only three test specimens may need to be
sentingeachlothavebeeneithertestedorinspectedasdirected
tested provided the electrical and mechanical similarities are
inthisspecificationandtherequirementshavebeenmet.When
approved by the purchaser. In no case, however, should less
specified in the purchase order or contract, a report of the test
than three units, one unit each representing low , medium, and
results shall be furnished.
high ranges, be tested, regardless of design similarity.
14. Product Marking
11. Test Data
14.1 Purchaser specified product marking shall be listed in
11.1 Test Data—All test data shall remain on file at the
the acquisition requirements.
manufacturer’s facility for review by the purchaser upon
request. It is recommended that test data be retained in the
15. Packaging and Package Marking
manufacturer’s files for at least three years, or a period of time
15.1 Packaging of Product for Delivery—Product should be
acceptable to the purchaser and manufacturer.
packaged for shipment in accordance with Practice D3951.
12. Inspection
15.2 Any special preservation, packaging, or package mark-
ing requirements for shipment or storage shall be identified in
12.1 Classification of Inspections—The inspection require-
the acquisition requirements.
ments specified herein are classified as follows:
12.1.1 Qualification testing, and
16. Quality Assurance Provisions
12.1.2 Quality conformance testing.
16.1 Warranty:
12.2 Qualification Testing—Qualification test requirements
16.1.1 Responsibility for Warranty—Unless otherwise
shall be specified where applicable. Qualification test methods
specified, the manufacturer is responsible for the following:
should be identified for each design and performance charac-
16.1.1.1 All materials used to produce a unit, and
teristic specified. Test report documentation requirements
16.1.1.2 Manufacturer will warrant his product to be free
should also be specified.
from defect of workmanship to produce the unit.
12.3 Quality Conformance Testing—Quality conformance
17. Keywords
testing is accomplished when qualification testing was satisfied
by a previous acquisition or product has demonstrated reliabil- 17.1 resistance temperature detector (RTD); thermistor;
ity in similar applications. Quality conformance testing is thermocouple
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
TEMPERATURE MONITORING EQUIPMENT (NAVAL SHIPBOARD USE)
The following supplementary requirements established for U.S. Naval shipboard application shall
apply when specified in the contract or purchase order. When there is conflict between the standard
(ASTM F2362) and this supplement, the requirements of this supplement shall take precedence for
equipment acquired by this supplement. This document supercedes MIL-T-15377, Temperature
Monitor Equipment, Naval Shipboard, for new ship construction.
S1. Scope alarm system. In order to warn operating personnel of abnor-
mal temperature conditions, the system shall energize an
S1.1 Thissupplementcoverstemperaturemonitoringequip-
audible and visual alarm when the temperature at a particular
ment which continuously monitors and selectively indicates, at
location is below or above a preset limit. Monitoring of
a central location, a number of temperatures at remote equip-
temperatures shall be accomplished by measuring the electro-
ment locations on board naval ships.
motive force (emf) output of thermocouples or by measuring
S1.2 Monitoring Equipment—Monitoring equipment, in
the signal output due to changes in resistance of temperature
conjunction with the temperature sensor assemblies and inter-
connecting cabling, comprise a temperature measuring and
F2362−03 (2009)
sensing elements. Temperature monitoring equipment shall S4.2 Type—The equipment shall be designated by the 3
actuate external audible alarms specified herein. letter symbols as follows:
S1.3 Selective Temperature Readout Equipment—Selective IC/A—Continuous, simultaneous monitoring of remote tem-
temperature readout equipment, in conjunction with tempera- perature sensors for alarm and also manual selective tempera-
ture sensor assemblies and interconnecting cabling, comprise a ture readout.
temperature measuring system. In order to enable operating IC/I—Manual selective temperature readout for measuring
personnel to measure a number of temperatures at remote temperatures at several remote locations.
points, the system shall enabl
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