ASTM F2362-03(2019)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Temperature Monitoring Equipment
Standard Specification for Temperature Monitoring Equipment
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for temperature monitoring equipment for use in general applications. Such equipment shall be comprised of a temperature sensor in combination with a signal conditioner, a power supply, and a test device. Temperature sensors covered by this specification are divided into thermocouples, which measure direct or differential temperature, and resistance thermometers, which measure temperature changes based on changes in resistance of sensor element exposed to temperature. Each of these types of sensors may further be classified as follows. Thermocouples can be classified into three classes based on materials and temperature ranges: base metal, noble metal, and refractory metal. Resistance thermometers, on the other hand, can be classified according to the type of sensor element used: metal sensor element (resistance temperature detector or RTD) or semiconductor sensor element (thermistor). RTDs are available in various design configurations including averaging, annular, and combination RTD-thermocouple, while thermistors are classified based on the configuration of the semiconductor sensor element: bead, disc, washer, or rod. Qualification test shall be performed on the equipment and shall comply with the physical property and performance requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for equipment intended to provide control input and monitoring of temperatures in general applications. Equipment described in this specification includes temperature indicators, signal conditioners and power supplies, and temperature sensors such as thermocouples and resistance temperature element assemblies.
1.2 Special requirements for Naval shipboard applications are included in the Supplementary Requirements section.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F2362 −03 (Reapproved 2019) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Temperature Monitoring Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2362; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 4. Classification
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for equip- 4.1 General—Temperature measuring devices are generally
classified as either temperature sensors or thermometers. Ther-
ment intended to provide control input and monitoring of
temperatures in general applications. Equipment described in mometers are not covered by this specification. Temperature
sensors are classified by design and construction. Sensors may
this specification includes temperature indicators, signal con-
ditioners and power supplies, and temperature sensors such as also be classified by the manner of response, basically me-
chanical or electrical, to a change in temperature. Mechanical
thermocouples and resistance temperature element assemblies.
response is characterized by some mechanical action as tem-
1.2 Special requirements for Naval shipboard applications
perature changes. Electrical response is characterized by the
are included in the Supplementary Requirements section.
production or change of an electrical signal or property as
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
temperature changes. The following describes the most com-
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
mon types of sensors:
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
4.2 Thermocouples—Thermocouples are constructed in a
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
variety of designs to provide measurement of direct or differ-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ential temperature. Thermocouples are commonly installed
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
using a thermowell which protects the thermocouple but also
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
delays the rapid response time characteristic of thermocouples.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.2.1 Principle of Operation—Most thermocouples utilize
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
two wires fabricated from dissimilar metals joined at one end
to form a measuring junction that is exposed to the process
2. Referenced Documents
medium being measured. The other ends of the wires are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
usually terminated at a measuring instrument which forms a
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
reference junction. When the two junctions are exposed to
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
different temperatures, electrical current will flow through the
etry
circuit (Seebeck Effect). The measurement of millivoltage
resulting from the current is proportional to the temperature
3. Terminology
being sensed.
4.2.2 Types of Thermocouples—Thermocouples can be di-
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terminology shall be in ac-
vided into functional classes by materials and therefore,
cordance with Terminology E344.
temperature ranges. The three classes are base metal, noble
metal, and refractory metal. Although many types are com-
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships monlyusedinindustrialapplications,theInstrumentSocietyof
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 on
America (ISA) has assigned letter designations to seven types.
Electrical.
By convention, the practice of using a slash mark to separate
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published February 2020. Originally
the materials of each thermocouple wire is widely accepted.
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F2362 – 03 (2013).
DOI: 10.1520/F2362-03R19.
Likewise, the order in which the materials appear also denotes
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
polarity of the wires; positive/negative when the measuring
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
junction is at a higher temperature than the reference junction.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. The following are examples of typical thermocouples:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2362−03 (2019)
5.2.10 Special preservation, packaging, packing and mark-
Temperature
Class Type Materials
(max)
ing requirements.
Base metal J Iron/constantan 1000°C (1832°F)
6. Materials and Manufacture
Base metal T Copper/constantan 1000°C (1832°F)
Base metal K Chromel/Alumel 1000°C (1832°F)
6.1 Temperature Sensors—The materials for all wetted parts
Base metal E Chromel/constantan 1000°C (1832°F)
Base metal --- Alloys of copper, nickel, iron, 1000°C (1832°F) shall be selected for long term compatibility with the process
chromium, manganese,
medium.
aluminum, and other metals
Noble metal --- Various noble metals 2000°C (3632°F)
7. Physical Properties
Refractory --- Tungsten-rhenium, tantalum, 2600°C (4712°F)
metal molybdenum, and their alloys
7.1 Description—The equipment specified herein in con-
4.3 Resistance Temperature Measuring Devices—
junction with the thermocouples or resistance temperature
Resistance thermometers measure changes in temperature
measuring elements comprise a temperature instrument. The
based on changes in resistance of the sensor element exposed
temperature monitoring equipment may consist of the follow-
to the temperature. Two common types are resistance tempera-
ing units and may be built integrally together and housed in the
ture detectors which have metal sensor elements and thermis-
same enclosure:
tors which have semiconductor sensor elements.
7.1.1 Signal Conditioner—The signal conditioner shall con-
4.3.1 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)—An RTD
vert the sensing element output to a continuous linear analog
consists of sensor which uses a metal wire or fiber which
signal directly proportional to temperature.
responds to changes in temperature by changing its resistance.
7.1.2 Power Supply—The power supply shall provide exci-
The sensor is connected to a readout via a bridge circuit or
tation energy to the signal conditioner and sensor.
other means of translating the resistance to a temperature
7.1.3 Test Device—A test device shall be furnished to
value.
provide a calibrated test signal used for calibrating the equip-
4.3.1.1 Types of RTDs—RTD designs include averaging
ment.
RTDs, annular RTDs, and combination RTD-thermocouples.
7.2 Size and Weight Considerations—Adimensional outline
Averaging RTDs are characterized by a long resistance ele-
of the temperature monitoring equipment showing overall and
ment.Annular RTDs have sensors that are designed to provide
principle dimensions in sufficient detail to establish space
a tight fit within the inner walls of thermowells. Combination
requirements in all directions necessary for installation and
RTD-thermocouples have both an RTD and a thermocouple
servicing will greatly assist proper selection. In many applica-
housed in the same sheath.
tions weight is a critical limitation.
4.3.2 Thermistors—Thermistors are made of solid semicon-
7.3 General Features—Requirements for general features
ductor materials, usually complex metal oxides, that have a
shall be specified. General features consist of the following:
high coefficient of resistance. Thermistors are available with
7.3.1 Output,
positiveandnegativetemperaturecoefficientsofresistanceand
7.3.2 Equipment range,
are usually designated PTC and NTC thermistors, respectively.
7.3.3 Adjustments,
The temperature range for typical thermistors is 100 to 300°C
7.3.4 Failsafe output,
(212 to 572°F).
7.3.5 Isolation,
4.3.2.1 Types of Thermistors—Thermistors are classed by
7.3.6 Enclosure,
the configuration of the semiconductor material. Common
7.3.7 Power supply requirements, and
types are the bead, disc, washer, and rod thermistors. Leads are
7.3.8 Cable entrance and connection.
attachedtosemiconductormaterials,exceptwheremetalplated
faces are used for contact to complete the circuit.
8. Performance Requirements
5. Ordering Information 8.1 Service Life—The purchaser may have a minimum
specified service life requirement. Critical service life require-
5.1 The purchaser should provide the manufacturer with all
ments shall be specified in the acquisition requirements.
of the pertinent application data outlined in the acquisition
8.2 Performance Considerations—Certain performance
requirements.
characteristics may be deemed critical to the intended or
5.2 Acquisition Requirements—Acquisition documents
desired function of temperature monitoring equipment. Perfor-
should specify the following:
mance tolerances are usually expressed in percent of equip-
5.2.1 Title, number and date of this specification,
ment span. The following performance characteristics and
5.2.2 Classification required,
environmentalexposuresshouldbetailoredtoeachpurchaser’s
5.2.3 Quantity of units required,
intended application:
5.2.4 Type of enclosure mounting,
8.2.1 Accuracy,
5.2.5 Power requirements,
8.2.2 Repeatability,
5.2.6 Equipment temperature ranges,
8.2.3 Threshold and deadband,
5.2.7 Size or weight limitations,
8.2.4 Ripple,
5.2.8 Disposition of qualification test samples,
8.2.5 Warm-up time,
5.2.9 Product marking requirements, and 8.2.6 Input resistance,
F2362−03 (2019)
8.2.7 Supply voltage or frequency, or both, teristic specified. Test report documentation requirements
8.2.8 Temperature error, should also be specified.
8.2.9 Response time,
12.3 Quality Conformance Testing—Quality conformance
8.2.10 Temperature,
testing is accomplished when qualification testing was satisfied
8.2.11 Insulation resistance,
by a previous acquisition or product has demonstrated reliabil-
8.2.12 Vibration, and
ity in similar applications. Quality conformance testing is
8.2.13 Shock.
usually less intensive than qualification, often verifying that
samples of a production lot meet a few critical performance
9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
requirements.
9.1 Finish and Appearance—Any special surface finish and
13. Certification
appearance requirements shall be specified in the acquisition
requirements.
13.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, the
purchaser shall be furnished certification that samples repre-
10. Number of Tests and Retests
sentingeachlothavebeeneithertestedorinspectedasdirected
10.1 Test Specimen—The number of test specimens to be
inthisspecificationandtherequirementshavebeenmet.When
subjected to qualification testing shall depend on the sensor
specified in the purchase order or contract, a report of the test
design. If each range is covered by a separate and distinct
results shall be furnished.
design, a test specimen for each range may require testing. In
14. Product Marking
instances where a singular design series may cover multiple
ranges and types, only three test specimens may need to be
14.1 Purchaser specified product marking shall be listed in
tested provided the electrical and mechanical similarities are
the acquisition requirements.
approved by the purchaser. In no case, however, should less
15. Packaging and Package Marking
than three units, one unit each representing low, medium, and
high ranges, be tested, regardless of design similarity.
15.1 Packaging of Product for Delivery—Product should be
packaged for shipment in accordance with Practice D3951.
11. Test Data
15.2 Any special preservation, packaging, or package mark-
11.1 Test Data—All test data shall remain on file at the
ing requirements for shipment or storage shall be identified in
manufacturer’s facility for review by the purchaser upon
the acquisition requirements.
request. It is recommended that test data be retained in the
manufacturer’s files for at least three years, or a period of time
16. Quality Assurance Provisions
acceptable to the purchaser and manufacturer.
16.1 Warranty:
16.1.1 Responsibility for Warranty—Unless otherwise
12. Inspection
specified, the manufacturer is responsible for the following:
12.1 Classification of Inspections—The inspection require-
16.1.1.1 All materials used to produce a unit, and
ments specified herein are classified as follows:
16.1.1.2 Manufacturer will warrant his product to be free
12.1.1 Qualification testing, and
from defect of workmanship to produce the unit.
12.1.2 Quality conformance testing.
17. Keywords
12.2 Qualification Testing—Qualification test requirements
shall be specified where applicable. Qualification test methods 17.1 resistance temperature detector (RTD); thermistor;
should be identified for each design and performance charac- thermocouple
F2362−03 (2019)
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
TEMPERATURE MONITORING EQUIPMENT (NAVAL SHIPBOARD USE)
The following supplementary requirements established for U.S. Naval shipboard application shall
apply when specified in the contract or purchase order. When there is conflict between the standard
(ASTM F2362) and this supplement, the requirements of this supplement shall take precedence for
equipment acquired by this supplement. This document supersedes MIL-T-15377, Temperature
Monitor Equipment, Naval Shipboard, for new ship construction.
S1. Scope S2.2 Government Documents:
S2.2.1 Military Standards:
S1.1 Thissupplementcoverstemperaturemonitoringequip-
MIL-STD-167-1 Mechanical Vibrations of Shipboard
ment which continuously monitors and selectively indicates, at
Equipment (Type I—Environmental and Type II—Internally
a central location, a number of temperatures at remote equip-
Excited)
ment locations on board naval ships.
MIL-STD-1399 Interface Standard for Shipboard Systems
S1.2 Monitoring Equipment—Monitoring equipment, in
Electric Section 300 Power, Alternating Current (Metric)
conjunction with the temperature sensor assemblies and inter- 4
S2.2.2 Military Specifications:
connecting cabling, comprise a temperature measuring and
MIL-S-901 Shock Tests, H.I. (High-Impact); Shipboard
alarm system. In order to warn operating personnel of abnor-
Machinery, Equipment and Systems, Requirements for
mal temperature conditions, the system shall e
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