ASTM D1578-93(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D1578 for testing any spun yarn for breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the method has been used extensively in the trade.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1578 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
This test method is not suitable for yarns that stretch more than 5 % when the force is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier, because (a) they require special precautions as to tension in reeling, and (b) users of such yarns are more interested in their elastic behavior at low forces than in their ultimate breaking strength.
For Option 1, it is advisable to use a tensile testing machine of the proper capacity to break skeins with 80 turns. If it is necessary to break skeins having only 40 or 20 turns, convert the observed results to an 80-turn basis by multiplying by factors of 2 or 4, respectively. (The available literature does not show that any significant error is introduced by the use of these factors.)
The circumference of the skeins used to determine the br...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor.
Note 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5 % when the tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier.
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the machine speed or time-to-break.
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00-m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.
Note 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
Note 3—Metric reels are available with 1 and 1.125-m circumferences. Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see 5.6). ISO uses a 1-m circumference reel.
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all requirements in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are exact values.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safet...
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1578 − 93(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1578; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ing strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking
strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are
2. Referenced Documents
provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenac-
ity and to skein break factor. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either
D1907Test Method for Linear Density ofYarn (Yarn Num-
single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is
ber) by the Skein Method
not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5% when the
D2256Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08
Single-Strand Method
gf/denier.
D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the
D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
perimeterofthereel,thenumberofwrapsintheskein,andthe
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
machine speed or time-to-break.
drawn 2008)
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m D4849Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.2 Option 2—Fiftyturnsona1.00-mor1-ydreel,broken 3. Terminology
at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.
3.1.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test
method: breaking force, force, skein break factor, skein, skein
NOTE 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is
used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the Interna-
breaking tenacity, skein strength, strength, refer to Terminol-
tional Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
ogy D4849.
NOTE3—Metricreelsareavailablewith1and1.125-mcircumferences.
3.1.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
Data from the two reels will be about 1% different (see 5.6). ISO uses a
method, refer to Terminology D123.
1-m circumference reel.
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the
4. Summary of Test Method
determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins.
4.1 A skein of yarn, prepared by winding the prescribed
Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
number of turns on a reel, is broken on a tensile testing
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all require-
machine.
ments in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are
NOTE 4—If the yarn number is also required for the determination of
exact values.
skein breaking tenacity or break factor, the broken skein may be weighed
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and the yarn number calculated as directed in Test Method D1907.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
ε1 3
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1578– 93(2006) . The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D1578-93R11. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1578 − 93 (2011)
5. Significance and Use specimens, this method provides a useful index that combines
the effects of unevenness and single strand strength.
5.1 Test Method D1578 for testing any spun yarn for
breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance 5.7 This method is rarely, if ever, used for filament yarns
testing of commercial shipments since the method has been because their uniformity makes it possible to obtain reliable
used extensively in the trade. results economically by the single-strand method.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
6. Apparatus
reported test results when using Test Method D1578 for
acceptancetestingofcommercialshipments,thepurchaserand
6.1 Reel—Ahandormotor-drivenreelhavingaperimeterof
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
1.50 m or 1.5 yd for Option 1, 1.0 m or 1 yd for Option 2 (see
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
Note 3), or 1 m for Option 3. The reel shall be fitted with a
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
traversing mechanism that will minimize bunching the yarn on
bias.Asaminimum,thetwopartiesshouldtakeagroupoftest
the reel and with an indicator of the length wound.Awarning
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
bell or an automatic cutoff that will operate at a specified
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
number of turns is advisable. It is also recommended that the
specimensshouldthenberandomlyassignedinequalnumbers
reel have a collapsible arm for relaxing the tension on the
toeachlaboratoryfortesting.Theaverageresultsfromthetwo
skeins to facilitate their removal from the reel. If yarn number
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
is to be determined from the same skeins, refer toTest Method
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
D1907 for additional reel specifications.
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
6.2 Package Holders—Vertical spindles for bobbins or
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
cones if not provided as an integral part of the reel, shafts on
suppliermustagreetointerpretfuturetestresultsinthelightof
which tubes or flanged spools can turn freely.
the known bias.
6.3 Tensile Testing Machine—A constant-rate-of-traverse
5.2 This test method is not suitable for yarns that stretch
(CRT type) or constant-rate-of-extension (CRE type) tensile
more than 5% when the force is increased from 2.5 to 7.5
testing machine of suitable capacity as prescribed in Specifi-
mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier, because (a ) they require
cation D76, capable of operating the moving clamp (spool) at
special precautions as to tension in reeling, and (b) users of
a uniform speed of 300 6 10 mm/min or 12 6 0.5 in./min (for
such yarns are more interested in their elastic behavior at low
Options 1 and 2) or capable of operating at a rate that will
forces than in their ultimate breaking strength.
breaktheskeinbrokeninanaveragetimeof20 63sfromthe
5.3 For Option 1, it is advisable to use a tensile testing
start of application of tension to the skein (for Option 3). The
machine of the proper capacity to break skeins with 80 turns.
machine shall be equipped with spools not less than 25 mm or
If it is necessary to break skeins having only 40 or 20 turns,
1 in. nor more than 30 mm or 1.25 in. in both diameter and
convert the observed results to an 80-turn basis by multiplying
length, and supported with at least one spool free to turn on its
byfactorsof2or4,respectively. (The available literaturedoes
axis. The distance between the spools shall be sufficient to
not show that any significant error is introduced by the use of
permit placing the skeins on the spools in a wide, flat band.
these factors.)
6.4 Skein Holder or Rack, having parallel pegs or bars
5.4 The circumference of the skeins used to determine the
placedasufficientdistanceaparttoholdtheskeinsextendedto
breaking load is not critical, and as a consequence, close
nearly their full length without either stretching, kinking, or
control of the tension at which the skeins are wound is not
entangling the yarn.
necessary. If, however, the same skeins are to be used to
determine yarn number for any purpose, the skeins must be
7. Sampling
reeled under controlled tension on a reel meeting the require-
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in an
ments given in Test Method D1907.
applicable specification, or as agreed upon between the pur-
5.5 For some purposes it may be advisable to convert the
chaser and the supplier. In the absence of an applicable
skeinbreakingstrengthobservedforyarnofonenumbertothe
specification or agreement, take a lot sample as directed in
estimated skein breaking strength of a different yarn number.
Practice D2258.
Factors for making such a conversion for cotton yarns are
NOTE 5—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
given in 11.2. No corresponding factors have been developed
purchaserandthesupplierrequirestakingintoaccountvariabilitybetween
for yarns spun from other fibers.
shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit, and
betweenspecimensfromasinglepackagesoastoprovideasamplingplan
5.6 The results obtained from different options are not fully
with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality
comparable because the breaking force per wrap increases
level, and limited quality level.
slightly as the perimeter of the skein is reduced. The skein
breaking tenacity observed for 1-m skeins may be as much as 7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
4% higher, and from 1-yd skeins 5% higher, than that tance testing, take a total of ten packages for yarn spun on the
observed for 1.5-yd skeins. These relationships may vary with cotton or worsted systems and a total of 20 packages for yarns
the type of yarn or with yarn unevenness and should not be spunonthewoolensystem.Selectthepackagesrandomlyfrom
used as conversion factors. With a reasonable number of all the packages in the lot sampling units.
D1578 − 93 (2011)
7.3 Number of Specimens—Test one skein from each pack- 9.2.1 For Option 1, reel 80 turns on a 1.50-m (1.5-yd) reel.
age in the laboratory sample. If the breaking strength of such a skein is greater than the
capacity of the available testing machine, try 40 or 20 turns.
8. Conditioning 9.2.2 For Option 2, reel 50 turns on a 1-m or a 1-yd reel.
9.2.3 For Option 3, reel 50 turns on a 1-m (1.09–yd) reel.
8.1 Preconditioning—Yarns for testing should be wound
Include extra skeins for adjustment of the tester for time to
into skeins for preconditioning and conditioning (see Section
break.
9). Reel one or more extra skeins for use in determining when
9.3 Conditioning—Transfer the skeins to the rack carefully
moisture equilibrium has been reached (see 8.2.1).
withaslittledisturbanceoftheyarnaspossible.Keeptheyarns
8.1.1 Precondition the skeins at a temperature no higher
parallelandtheskeinflat,withnobunchingortwisting.Donot
than 50°C or 120°F in an atmosphere having a relative
stretchorjerktheyarnanddonotallowittokink.Ifmorethan
humidity between 5 and 25%. Skeins will usually reach
one skein is to be stored on each pair of pegs, the skeins may
approximate moisture equilibrium in 4 h especially in moving
be transferred one at a time to the rack, with rings or washers
air.Crowdingskeinstooclosetogetherontherack,oranything
placedbetweenthemforeasierseparation.Precondition(ifnot
that obstructs the circulation of air, may lengthen the time
done before reeling) and condition as prescribed in Section 8.
appreciably.
Do not remove the skeins from the rack until time of test.
8.2 Conditioning—Condition the skeins in the standard
atmospherefortestingtextiles,whichis21 61°Cor70 62°F
10. Procedure
and 65 6 2% relative humidity, until moisture equilibrium has
10.1 Perform all tests in the standard atmosphere for testing
been reached.
textiles,whichis21 61°Cor70 62°Fand65 62%relative
8.2.1 For cotton yarns, a minimum conditioning time of 4 h
humidity.
is specified. Yarns made from other fibers or blends may
10.2 Select the appropriate capacity range of the testing
require other lengths of time. When testing additional samples
machine as follows:
of the same type of yarn, it may be assumed that moisture
10.2.1 For Options 1 and 2, a range within which (1) the
equilibrium has been reached after exposure for a time 25%
calibration of the tensile testing machine is accurate within
longer than that found by test to be sufficient.
61.0%and(2)thebreakingforcecanbereadwithaprecision
8.2.1.1 If necessary use the extra skein(s) to determine that
of 62.0%.
moistureequilibriumhasbeenreachedwhensuccessiveweigh-
10.2.2 For Option 3, select the capacity and speed of the
ings at intervals of not less than 15 min do not differ by more
testing machine to reach the breaking force in an average time
than 0.1%. Do not use the skeins that are to be tested for
of 20 6 3 s or a testing speed agreed upon by purchaser and
strength for determining moisture equilibrium.
supplier. Break one or more preliminary skeins, and adjust the
speed as necessary until the time-to-break conforms to the
9. Preparation of Specimens
specified limits. If the time-to-break for the preliminary skeins
9.1 Mounting of Packages:
is within the specified limits and no adjustment is required, the
9.1.1 For yarns on bobbins, cops, cones, or similar
observed values for the preliminary skeins may be included in
packages, draw the yarn off over the end of the package at a
the test report data.
speed between 100 and 300 rpm of the reel.
10.3 Handle each skein carefully as directed in 9.3 and
9.1.2 For yarns on flanged spools or other packages nor-
transfer it to the testing machine as directed as follows:
mally unwound from the side, mount the packages to turn
10.3.1 Place the skein over the top spool with the yarns
freelyanddrawtheyarnfromthesideofthepackageataspeed
lying flat and parallel over the spool.
of 20 to 30 rpm of the reel.
10.3.2 Then place the lower part of the skein under the
9.1.3 When several ends are wound parallel on a
...
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