Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means of controlling smoke production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level. Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.
The range of smoke densities covered by this test method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to home-heating application. It is more sensitive to small amounts of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the following comparison:
Smoke Spot
NumberIcham, percent
TransmissionRingelman
Smoke Number 0 1000 2 950 4 800 6 540 8 180 9 00 9 00 to 5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kerosine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating equipment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2008
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D2156–08
Standard Test Method for
1
Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* color (or shade) of the spot thus produced is visually matched
with a standard scale, and the smoke density is expressed as a
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density
“smoke spot number.”
in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended
primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kero-
5. Significance and Use
sine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke
field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating
production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level.
equipment.
Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
exchanger fouling.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this test
standard.
method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to
1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
home-heatingapplication.Itismoresensitivetosmallamounts
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
following comparison:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Smoke Spot Icham, percent Ringelman
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Number Transmission Smoke Number
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
0 100 0
295 0
2. Referenced Documents 480 0
654 0
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
818 0
E97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg
90 0
9 0 0to5
0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Reflec-
3
tometry
6. Apparatus
6.1 Sampling Device—A suitable device providing a total
3. Terminology
flue gas sample volume of 36.9 6 1.65 L at 16°C, 101 kPa for
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2
each 645 mm effective surface area of filter paper shall be
3.1.1 smoke spot number—the number of the spot on the
employed. The sampling device and connections shall be of
standardscalemostcloselymatchingthecolor(orshade)ofthe
such construction that the total travel of flue gas sample from
test spot.
flue to filter paper shall not exceed 410 mm. The device shall
4. Summary of Test Method provide for cooling the sample below the charring temperature
for the filter paper but not below the dew point of the sample.
4.1 Atest smoke spot is obtained by pulling a fixed volume
Suitable laboratory and portable field service equipment is
of flue gas through a fixed area of standard filter paper. The
illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
6.2 Smoke Scale—The smoke scale required consists of ten
1
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
spots numbered consecutively from 0 to 9, ranging in equal
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.E0.01
photometric steps from white through neutral shades of gray to
on Burner Fuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally
black, imprinted or otherwise processed on white paper or
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D2156–94(2003).
plastic stock having a surface reflectance of between 82.5 and
DOI: 10.1520/D2156-08.
2 87.5 % 45°, 0° daylight luminous directional reflectance in
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
accordance with Test Method E97. The smoke scale spot
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
number is defined as the reduction (due to smoke) in reflected
the ASTM website.
incident light divided by 10. Thus, the first spot, which is the
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
color of the unimprinted scale, will be No. 0, since in the case
on www.astm.org
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2156–08
FIG. 1 Laboratory Type Smoke Meter
FIG. 2 Field Service Type Smoke Tester
of this spot there will be no reduction i
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D2156–94 (Reapproved 2003) Designation: D 2156 – 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended
primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kerosine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the field to
compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating equipment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses No other units of measurement
are provided for information only. Arbitraryincluded in this standard.
1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
E97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg 0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Reflectometry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 smoke spot number—the number of the spot on the standard scale most closely matching the color (or shade) of the test
spot.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A test smoke spot is obtained by pulling a fixed volume of flue gas through a fixed area of standard filter paper. The color
(or shade) of the spot thus produced is visually matched with a standard scale, and the smoke density is expressed as a “smoke
spot number.”
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level.
Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.
5.2 Therangeofsmokedensitiescoveredbythistestmethodisthatwhichhasbeenfoundparticularlypertinenttohome-heating
application.Itismoresensitivetosmallamountsofsmokethanseveralothersmoketestsasindicatedinthefollowingcomparison:
Smoke Spot Icham, percent Ringelman
Number Transmission Smoke Number
0 100 0
295 0
480 0
654 0
818 0
90 0
1
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.E0.01 on
Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Burner Fuels.
Current edition approved Nov.Dec. 1, 2003.2008. Published November 2003.January 2009. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 19992003 as
D2156–94 (1999).D 2156–94(2003).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2156–08
9 0 0to5
6. Apparatus
3
6.1 Sampling Device—Asuitable device providing a total flue gas sample volume of 36900 6 1650 cm at 16°C, 1 atm (2250
3 —A suitable device providing a total flue gas sample volume of 36.9 6 1.65 L at 16°C, 101 kPa for each 645
6 100 in. at 60°F, 1 atm) for each 6.45 cm
2
2
mm (1 in. ) effective surface area of filter paper shall be employed. The sampling device and connections shall be of such
construction that the total travel of flue gas sample from flue to filter paper shall not exceed 410 mm (16 in.).mm. The device shall
provide for cooling the sample below the charring temperature for the filter paper but not below the dew point of the sample.
Suitable laboratory and portable field service equipment is illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
6.2 Smoke Scale—The smoke scale required consists of ten spots numbered
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D2156–94 (Reapproved 2003) Designation: D 2156 – 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended
primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kerosine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the field to
compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating equipment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses No other units of measurement
are provided for information only. Arbitraryincluded in this standard.
1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
E97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg 0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Reflectometry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 smoke spot number—the number of the spot on the standard scale most closely matching the color (or shade) of the test
spot.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A test smoke spot is obtained by pulling a fixed volume of flue gas through a fixed area of standard filter paper. The color
(or shade) of the spot thus produced is visually matched with a standard scale, and the smoke density is expressed as a “smoke
spot number.”
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level.
Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.
5.2 Therangeofsmokedensitiescoveredbythistestmethodisthatwhichhasbeenfoundparticularlypertinenttohome-heating
application.Itismoresensitivetosmallamountsofsmokethanseveralothersmoketestsasindicatedinthefollowingcomparison:
Smoke Spot Icham, percent Ringelman
Number Transmission Smoke Number
0 100 0
295 0
480 0
654 0
818 0
90 0
1
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.E0.01 on
Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Burner Fuels.
Current edition approved Nov.Dec. 1, 2003.2008. Published November 2003.January 2009. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 19992003 as
D2156–94 (1999).D 2156–94(2003).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2156–08
9 0 0to5
6. Apparatus
3
6.1 Sampling Device—Asuitable device providing a total flue gas sample volume of 36900 6 1650 cm at 16°C, 1 atm (2250
3 —A suitable device providing a total flue gas sample volume of 36.9 6 1.65 L at 16°C, 101 kPa for each 645
6 100 in. at 60°F, 1 atm) for each 6.45 cm
2
2
mm (1 in. ) effective surface area of filter paper shall be employed. The sampling device and connections shall be of such
construction that the total travel of flue gas sample from flue to filter paper shall not exceed 410 mm (16 in.).mm. The device shall
provide for cooling the sample below the charring temperature for the filter paper but not below the dew point of the sample.
Suitable laboratory and portable field service equipment is illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
6.2 Smoke Scale—The smoke scale required consists of ten spots numbered
...

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