iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E2818-11(2019)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds

Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test practice provides a recommended procedure for preparing fracture toughness specimens from welds to improve the likelihood of obtaining useful fracture toughness values.  
5.1.1 The subsequent fracture toughness values, that have significance and use as stated in the applicable ASTM test method, may allow for flaw tolerance assessments of welded structures. Flaw tolerance assessments require an understanding and compensation for the differences that may exist between laboratory test results and field conditions.  
5.1.2 The shallow-notched specimen testing procedures described in Annex E of ISO 15653 may be used by agreement between the parties involved as long as it is understood that Annex E is “Informative” and the result is a geometry dependent measurement of toughness that is not validated by the applicable test standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides methods for preparing specimens from welds in metallic materials and interpreting subsequent test results when used in conjunction with standards Test Methods E1290 and E1820 for the determination of fracture toughness. The fatigue pre-cracking procedures included in this practice may also be used to aid in preparing straight pre-cracks for weld specimens in accordance with Test Method E1681.  
1.2 This practice draws heavily from ISO 15653: Metallic materials – Method of test for the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness of welds. All references to ISO 12135 in that test method should be replaced with the applicable ASTM Test Methods (E1820, E1290 or E1681).  
1.3 The recommended specimen is a single-edge bend [SE(B)] with width, W, equal to twice the specimen thickness, B. An alternate SE(B) specimen with W/B equal to one and a span, S, to W ratio of 4 may be used but may produce different toughness values. A compact tension [C(T)] specimen may be used if it can be demonstrated that the analysis of results properly accounts for weld-to-base metal strength mismatch effects on fracture toughness.  
1.4 The recommended limitation on weld-to-base metal yield strength ratio is
Undermatching within this limitation leads to conservative estimates of fracture toughness, while overmatching may lead to an overestimation of the fracture toughness by up to 10%.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2019
ICS
25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds
Technical Committee
E08 - Fatigue and Fracture
Drafting Committee
E08.07 - Fracture Mechanics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E1823-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
Effective Date
01-Feb-2020
Refers
ASTM E8/E8M-15 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Feb-2015
Refers
ASTM E8/E8M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
15-Jul-2016
Refers
ASTM E1820-15ae1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
Effective Date
15-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM E1820-17 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
Effective Date
01-Jun-2017
Refers
ASTM E1820-18 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Refers
ASTM E1820-18a - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
Effective Date
01-Nov-2018
Refers
ASTM E1820-18ae1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
Effective Date
01-Nov-2018
Refers
ASTM E1820-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
Effective Date
01-Jan-2020
Refers
ASTM E1820-20e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
Effective Date
01-Jan-2020
Referred By
ASTM E1457-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Creep Crack Growth Times in Metals
Effective Date
01-Nov-2019

Buy Standard

ASTM E2818-11(2019) - Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of WeldsASTM E2818-11(2019) - Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM E2818-11(2019) - Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2818 − 11 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Practice for
1
Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2818; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This practice provides methods for preparing specimens
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
from welds in metallic materials and interpreting subsequent
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
test results when used in conjunction with standards Test
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Methods E1290 and E1820 for the determination of fracture
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
toughness. The fatigue pre-cracking procedures included in
this practice may also be used to aid in preparing straight
2. Referenced Documents
pre-cracks for weld specimens in accordance withTest Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1681.
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
1.2 This practice draws heavily from ISO 15653: Metallic
terials
materials – Method of test for the determination of quasistatic
E1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement
fracture toughness of welds. All references to ISO 12135 in
(CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn
that test method should be replaced with the applicableASTM 3
2013)
Test Methods (E1820, E1290 or E1681).
E1681 Test Method for Determining Threshold Stress Inten-
sityFactorforEnvironment-AssistedCrackingofMetallic
1.3 The recommended specimen is a single-edge bend
Materials
[SE(B)] with width, W, equal to twice the specimen thickness,
E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
B. An alternate SE(B) specimen with W/B equal to one and a
E1823 TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
span, S, to W ratio of 4 may be used but may produce different
4
2.2 ISO Standard:
toughness values. A compact tension [C(T)] specimen may be
used if it can be demonstrated that the analysis of results ISO 12135 Metallic materials – Unified method of test for
the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness
properly accounts for weld-to-base metal strength mismatch
effects on fracture toughness. ISO 15653 Metallic materials–Method of test for the deter-
mination of quasistatic fracture toughness of welds
1.4 The recommended limitation on weld-to-base metal
yield strength ratio is
3. Terminology
weld
σ
ys
3.1 Terminology of E1823 and ISO 15653 are applicable to
0.5, ,1.5 (1)
base
σ
ys
this test practice with the following additions.
Undermatching within this limitation leads to conservative
3.2 Definitions:
estimates of fracture toughness, while overmatching may
lead to an overestimation of the fracture toughness by up to 3.2.1 base metal yield strength—The base metal 0.2% offset
base
10%.
yield strength ~σ ! is defined by testing tensile specimens per
ys
Test Method E8/E8M.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1.1 Discussion—ISO 15653 uses R to represent the
p0,2b
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
base metal yield strength.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and the ASTM website.
3
Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on Fracture The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Mechanics. www.astm.org.
4
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published November 2019. Originally Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2818–11. DOI: la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
10.1520E2818-11R19. www.iso.ch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2818 − 11 (2019)
weld
σ
6. Apparatus
ys
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D2657-07(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in Sections 7, 8, and 9, when implemented using suitable equipment and procedures in either a shop or field environment, produce strong pressure-tight joints equal to the strength of the piping material. Some materials are more adaptable to one technique than another. Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters; therefore, consider the manufacturer's instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings (excluding polyethylene pipe and fittings) by means of heat fusion joining techniques in either a shop or field environment. These procedures are general ones. Specific instructions for heat fusion joining are obtained from product manufacturers. See Practice F2620 for heat fusion joining of polyethylene pipe and fittings.  
1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to joining polyolefin pipe and fittings of related polymer chemistry, for example, polypropylenes to polypropylenes, or polybutylenes to polybutylenes. Material, density, and flow rate shall be taken into consideration in order to develop uniform melt viscosities and formation of a good fusion bond when joining the same material to itself or to other materials of related polymer chemistry.  
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyolefin pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this practice references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specific safety precautions in 3.1.1, 5.2, 8.2.3.1, Note 8 and Note 9, and A1.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1416-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments

ABSTRACT
This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.  
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F722-18(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Welded Joints for Shipboard Piping Systems

ABSTRACT
This specification covers typical details of welded joints commonly used in shipboard piping systems. These joints and other joints may be used provided the welding procedures used have been qualified in accordance with the applicable regulatory rules and regulations. The maximum butt weld reinforcement of differnet nominal wall thicknesses of pipe or tube shall be discussed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers typical details of welded joints commonly used in shipboard piping systems. These joints and other joints may be used provided the welding procedures used have been qualified in accordance with the applicable regulatory rules and regulations.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3044/E3044M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Polyethylene Butt Fusion Joints

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended primarily for the automated or semi-automated ultrasonic examination of butt fusion joints used in the construction of polyethylene piping systems.  
5.2 Polyethylene piping has been used in lieu of steel alloys in the petrochemical, power, water, gas distribution and mining industries due to its reliability and resistance to corrosion and erosion. Recently, polyethylene pipe has also been used for nuclear safety-related cooling water applications.  
5.3 Two ultrasonic techniques have proven useful to provide examination of fusion joint integrity; Ultrasonic time-of-flight-diffraction (TOFD) and phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT). These techniques are often considered complementary but may be used independently of each other. The choice of the technique used may depend on a variety of parameters including diameter, thickness, surface access, detection capabilities near surfaces, and quality level required.  
5.4 The joining process can be subject to a variety of flaws including, but not limited to: lack of fusion, particulate contamination, inclusions, and voids.  
5.5 Polyethylene material can have a range of acoustic characteristics that make butt joint examination difficult. Acoustic velocity of the material is similar to that commonly used for ultrasound wedge materials, making it difficult to use these materials to achieve appropriate refraction of sound at the interface. Polyethylene materials are highly attenuative, which often limits the use of higher ultrasonic frequencies. It also exhibits a natural high frequency filtering effect. An example of the range of acoustic characteristics is provided in Table 1. The table notes the wide range of acoustic velocities reported in the literature. This makes it essential that the reference blocks are made of the same cell classification6 as that examined. This shall be confirmed by measuring the acoustic velocity of the pipe being examined as described in Practice E494. The acous...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes procedures for ultrasonic testing (UT) of butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe. Although high density polyethylene (HDPE) and medium density polyethylene (MDPE) materials are most commonly used, the procedures described may apply to other types of polyethylene.
Note 1: The notes in this practice are for information only and shall not be considered part of this specification.
Note 2: This practice references HDPE and MDPE for pipe applications as defined by Specification D3350.  
1.2 This practice does not address ultrasonic examination of electrofusion joints (coupling joints), socket joints, or saddles.  
1.3 This practice provides two ultrasonic examination procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for examination and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.3.1 Examination Procedure A, Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD), uses a pair of probes, one transmitting and the other receiving. The procedure usually, although not necessarily, requires access to both sides of the joint from one surface. Provided that position encoding is used, the procedure can be conducted by semi-automated or automated means that provide recoded imaging.  
1.3.2 Examination Procedure B, Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT), uses low velocity refracting wedges or water gaps to produce angled compression mode pulses. The procedure can be applied where access is limited to one side of the joint from one surface. Provided that position encoding is used, the procedure can be conducted by semi-automated or automated means that provide recoded imaging.  
1.4 The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to 60 mm [0.375 to 2.4 in.] and diameters 100 mm [4 in.] and greater. Greater and lesser thicknesses and lesser diameters may be tested using this standard practice if the technique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickn...

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F3183-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Guided Side Bend Evaluation of Polyethylene Pipe Butt Fusion Joint

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard practice is a procedure to evaluate the ductility of side bend test specimens that are a transverse section of the pipe wall and butt fusion. Side bend test specimens are prepared from bend test coupons from sample polyethylene pipe butt fusion joints that are made using polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and greater. A three-point bend is applied to the side bend test specimen by pressing the side bend test specimen into a gap between two rotatable supports with a loading nose. The bending load is applied such that the bending strain is transverse to the plane of the fusion joint.  
5.2 Equipment for cutting bend test coupons, preparing side bend test specimens and conducting this practice is available for laboratory and for field use.  
5.3 Benchmark criteria for evaluating field testing results are developed by testing a statistically valid number of sample butt fusions in a controlled environment, preferably using equipment for field use. Guided side bend test results from field tests are then evaluated by comparison to benchmark test results from the controlled environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, specimen preparation and procedure for conducting a guided three point side bend evaluation of a transverse specimen cut from a coupon removed from a butt fusion joint in polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and thicker. See Fig. 1. This practice provides a means to assess ductility of a butt fusion joint by applying a lateral (side) bending strain across a specimen taken from the full butt fusion cross-section, from outside diameter to inside diameter.  
Note 1: For wall thicknesses less than 1 in. the user is referred to Practice F2620, Appendix X4.1 for bend back testing.
FIG. 1 Guided Side Bend Conceptual Schematic  
1.2 No test values are provided by this practice. The result is a non-numerical report. Criteria for test result evaluation are provided in standards or codes that specify the use of this practice by comparison to benchmark laboratory results as described in 5.3 or by comparison to example results presented in Appendix X1 to this practice.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: Laboratory methods that are commonly used for testing polyethylene butt fusion joints include Test Method D638, Test Method D790 and Test Method F2634.
Note 3: This practice has been developed for use on butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe with a wall thickness of 1.00 in. or greater. The practice may be used on butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe with thinner wall thicknesses. However, the applicability of the practice should be determined by the user of the practice.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1961-16(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Testing of Girth Welds Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search Units

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the mechanized ultrasonic examination of pipe girth welds used in the construction of gas and oil pipelines. This practice, with appropriate modifications due to changes in weld profile, may also be used to examine repaired welds. Manual techniques such as described in Practice E164 may also be used to examine production or repaired welds. This practice, with appropriate modifications, may also be used to examine other forms of butt welds including long seams.  
4.2 Techniques used are to be based on zonal discrimination whereby the weld is divided into approximately equal vertical examination sections (zones) each being assessed by a pair of ultrasonic search units. See Fig. 1 for typical zones.
FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of Weld Zones and Discontinuities  
4.3 Thicknesses of material examined are normally 7 to 25 mm (0.28 to 1.00 in.) and pipe diameters 15 cm (6.0 in.) and greater but this standard may apply to other thicknesses and diameters if the techniques can be proven to provide the required zonal discrimination.  
4.4 Examination zones are typically 2 to 3 mm (0.08 to 0.12 in.) in height. For most applications this will require the use of contact focused search units to avoid interfering signals originating from off-axis geometric reflectors and to avoid excessive overlap with adjacent zones.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for mechanized ultrasonic examination of girth welds. Evaluation is based upon the results of mechanized ultrasonic examination. Acceptance criteria are based upon flaw limits defined by an Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) or other accept/reject criteria defined by the Contracting Agency.  
1.2 This practice shall be applicable to the development of an examination procedure agreed upon between the users of this practice.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3052-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Examination of Carbon Steel Welds Using An Eddy Current Array

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Eddy Current Arrays for Crack Detection and Sizing in Carbon Steel Welds—Eddy current sensor arrays permit rapid examination of carbon steel welds for surface-breaking cracks located on the surface closest to the sensor array. As described in Guide E2884, these sensor arrays can have multiple drive-sense pairs for each element of the array or a large single drive winding construct with multiple individual sense elements. However, not all ECA probe designs allow for accurate depth sizing of such discontinuities over a significant range (several millimeters, for example). To achieve proper crack depth sizing, the system shall exhibit certain characteristics, such as: (1) a lift-off signal that allows monitoring the lift-off over the range of values of interest for the examination, (2) suitable separation between the lift-off signal and the defect signal (this depends upon the instrument used and can be viewed as a phase separation in an impedance plane display), (3) the capability to make use of the lift-off values for crack depth determination, (4) the capability to take into account material properties variations for crack depth determination along and across the weld, and (5) a uniform sensitivity for the sensing elements of the array in order to provide an effective single-pass examination, which is expected when using an array sensor.  
4.2 Array Sensors and Single Sensing Element Sensors—Depending on the weld geometry, it may be possible to use either a sensor array or a sensor with a single sensing element. The sensor array generally provides a better spatial representation of the weld properties and an improved probability of detection for discontinuities. The size of the array, as well as the size and number of individual sensing elements within the array depend on the weld geometry and other factors such as target discontinuities. When a single-sensing element sensor is used, it shall produce signals that exhibit the characteristics listed in 4.1 and th...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of an eddy current array (ECA) or an eddy current sensor for nondestructive examination of carbon steel welds. It includes the detection and sizing of surface-breaking cracks in such joints, accommodating for nonmagnetic and nonconductive coating up to 5 mm thick between the sensor and the joint. The practice covers a variety of cracking defects, such as fatigue cracks and other types of planar discontinuities, at various locations in the weld (heat-affected zone, toe area, and weld cap, for example). It covers the length and depth sizing of such surface-breaking discontinuities. This practice can be used for flush-ground and not flush-ground welds. For specific ferrous alloys or specific welded parts, the user may need a more specific procedure.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2261/E2261M-17(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of the alternating current field measurement method is to evaluate welds for surface breaking discontinuities such as fabrication and fatigue cracks. The examination results may then be used by qualified organizations to assess weld service life or other engineering characteristics (beyond the scope of this practice). This practice is not intended for the examination of welds for non-surface breaking discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed during alternating current field measurement examination of welds for baseline and service-induced surface breaking discontinuities.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use on welds in any metallic material.  
1.3 This practice does not establish weld acceptance criteria.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system might not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    15 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E190-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility of Welds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guided bend test as described in this test method is used to evaluate the quality of welds as a function of ductility as evidenced by their ability to resist cracking during bending.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a guided bend test for the determination of soundness and ductility of welds in ferrous and nonferrous products. Flaws, not shown by X rays, can appear in the surface of a specimen when it is subjected to progressive localized overstressing.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F3507-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Butt-Fusion Joining of Crosslinkable Polyethylene (CX-PE) Pipe and Tubing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in Section 8 are intended for butt-fusion joining of CX-PE pipe and tubing, using suitable equipment and appropriate environmental control procedures. Appropriate controls are established on the butt-fusion joining process to ensure that the pipe is suitable for joining, that the operator is properly trained, that adequate apparatus and procedures are used, and that the process is protected from environmental extremes. The controls are established by testing butt-fusion joints, operator skills, the apparatus and the procedures used. When this practice is properly implemented, strong pressure and leak-tight joints are produced. When joints made in accordance with this practice are destructively tested, failures are expected to occur outside the fusion-joined area.  
5.1.1 This practice shall not be used to join PEX pipe or tubing made in accordance with Specification F876 or any other PEX pipe or system specification. This practice is not intended to be used for pipe or tubing to be crosslinked by radiation or by using peroxides. This practice shall not be used to join CX-PE pipe that has been commissioned. CX-PE pipe that has been commissioned is crosslinked pipe.  
5.2 Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters, therefore, consider the manufacturers instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion procedure.  
5.3 The butt fusion procedures in this practice are suitable for joining CX-PE pipe and tubing that is used in pressure, low pressure, and non-pressure applications. For some applications, qualification of the procedure by testing joints made using the procedure in accordance with regulations from the authority having jurisdiction are required.  
5.4 This butt-fusion joining practice shall only be used to join pipe or tubing made from compatible CX-PE compounds and meeting the same specification dimensions for ou...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for making butt fusion joints with crosslinkable polyethylene (CX-PE) pipe and tubing2 which is less than 30 % crosslinked at the time of joining. This practice shall not be applied to crosslinked products, that is PEX pipe or tubing or to CX-PE after commissioning3 (commissioning transitions CX-PE pipe into crosslinked pipe).
Note 1: For avoidance of doubt, CX-PE is a completely different product than PEX, especially for the purposes of butt-fusion joining and the fabrication of fittings. The two must not be confused by the reader of this standard.  
1.2 The main difference between this practice and Practice F2620 is that the production date of pipe must be checked prior to butt fusion. Field experiments have indicated that it is best to make heat fused joints before the pipe has aged six months to ensure it has not crosslinked more than 30 % at ambient conditions. (See 7.2.)  
1.3 Joints are made by means of butt-fusion joining in, but not limited to, a field environment. Other suitable butt-fusion joining procedures may be available from various sources including pipe and fitting manufacturers. This practice does not claim to address all possible butt-fusion joining procedures and does not prevent the use of qualified procedures developed by other parties that have been proven to produce reliable butt fusion joints.  
1.4 The parameters and procedures set forth in this practice are applicable to the butt-fusion joining of CX-PE pipe and tubing. Consult with the manufacturers of CX-PE pipe or tubing to ensure that they approve of the use of this practice for butt-fusion joining of their products. This practice applies to butt fusion of both CX-PE pipe and tubing even when tubing is not explicitly referred to.  
1.5 CX-PE pipe or tubing is required to produce sound joints when using the joining procedures described in this practice. Component ends joined in accordance with th...

  • Standard
    15 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off