ASTM D5226-98(2010)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Dissolving Polymer Materials
Standard Practice for Dissolving Polymer Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice embodies the specifications to describe the preparation of a polymeric solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines the parameters applicable to the preparation of a polymeric solution, such as solvent, concentration, temperature, pressure, time, agitation, and heating mode.
1.2 The proper use of this practice requires knowledge of solvents and their effect on polymeric materials.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D5226 − 98(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Dissolving Polymer Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5226; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Reapproved with editorial changes throughout in January 2010.
1. Scope order: polymer, solvent, concentration, temperature, time,
container, heating mode, and agitation.
1.1 This practice outlines the parameters applicable to the
4.1.1 Apolymer and a list of suggested solvents for making
preparation of a polymeric solution, such as solvent,
a solution are listed in Annex A1.
concentration, temperature, pressure, time, agitation, and heat-
ing mode.
4.1.2 Table 1 designates the parameters for container, heat-
ing mode, and type of agitation.
1.2 The proper use of this practice requires knowledge of
solvents and their effect on polymeric materials.
NOTE 2—To illustrate the use of the cell classifications with Table 1,a
2 % solution of poly(vinyl chloride) using cyclohexanone would be
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
written as:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
PVC 2 cyclohexanone 2 20 2 66 2 40 2 BEC
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
where:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
PVC = abbreviation of the polymer from Annex A1,
cyclohexanone = the solvent from Annex A1,
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
20 = weight of polymer in tenths of a percent,
2. Referenced Documents 66 = temperature in degrees Celsius,
40 = time in tenths of an hour,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B = glass container from Table 1,
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
E = bath heater from Table 1, and
D1600 Terminology forAbbreviatedTerms Relating to Plas-
C = random agitation from Table 1.
tics
2.2 Other Document:
5. Significance and Use
Polymer Handbook
5.1 This practice embodies the specifications to describe the
preparation of a polymeric solution.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology D883.
6. Procedure
3.2 Abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology
6.1 Polymer—SelecttheapplicablepolymerfromAnnexA1
D1600.
and write its abbreviation.
4. Summary of Practice
6.2 Solvent—Select the solvent applicable to the polymer
4.1 A polymer solution can be described or prepared using
from Annex A1.
the cell classifications listing the parameters relative to solvate
6.3 Concentration—Write the polymer gram weight in
the polymer. The cell classifications are listed in the following
tenths of a percent per milliliter of solvent.
6.4 Temperature—Write the solution temperature in degrees
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.
Celsius.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D5226 - 98(2003).
6.5 Time—Write the time for solution in tenths of an hour.
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DOI: 10.1520/D5226-98R10 .
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.6 Container—Select the type of container from Table 1.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.7 Heating Mode—Select the heating mode from Table 1.
the ASTM website.
Available from John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. 6.8 Agitation—Select the agitation mode from Table 1.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D5226 − 98 (2010)
TABLE 1 Parameters
7. Precision and Bias
Designation Container Heater Mode Agitation Mode
7.1 No statement is made about the precision or bias of this
A unspecified unspecified unspecified
practice since the procedure is descriptive with no measure-
B glass none none
C sealed glass vial oven random
ments being made.
D metal hot plate magnetic stirrer
E fluoropolymer bath propeller blade
F block heater wrist action 8. Keywords
G electric mantle ultrasonic
8.1 polymer solutions; solution preparation; solutions; sol-
H microwave
vents
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. SUGGESTED SOLVENTS FOR POLYMERIC SOLUTIONS
A1.1 Note the following: A1.1.4 Solubility normally increases with rising tempera-
ture.
A1.1.1 The solvents in Table A1.1 are listed in random
A1.1.5 The temperature is for room temperature unless
order.
noted.
A1.1.2 An increase in polymer molecular weight reduces
A1.1.6 The following abbreviations are used in TableA1.1:
solubility.
D.S. = degree of substitution,
A1.1.3 Branching increases the solubility compared to a S.C. = substituent content,
linear polymer of the same molecular weight. conc. = concentrated.
TABLE A1.1 Solvents
Abbreviation Polymer Solvents
ABA Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran,
esters, ketones, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethyl-acetamide (if
high acrylonitrile)
ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide (if high acrylonitrile),
cyclohexanone (above 35°C), cyclohexanone/acetone,
methylcyclohexane/acetone, decahydronaphthalene/dimethyl oxalate,
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, lower chlorinated
hydrocarbons, phenol/acetone, tetrahydrofuran,
dimethyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone, diisopropyl
ketone, glycol formal, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl-, ethyl-,
n-butyl phthalate, 1-nitropropane, carbon disulfide, tributyl phosphate,
phosphorus trichloride
Alkydes Tetrahydrofuran
AMMA Acrylonitrile/metha methacrylate benzene, toluene, xylene, methylene chloride, chloroform, ethylene
chloride, chlorobenzene, isobutanol (hot), cyclohexanol (hot),
B-ethoxyethanol, dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone, diisopropyl ketone,
cyclohexanone, acetic acid, isobutyric acid, methyl formate, ethyl
acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, isobutyl propionate, butyl lactate
ADC Allyl diglycol carbonate benzene, chloroform, acetone
CMC Carboxylmethyl celluose S.C. = 5 to 10 % —alkali
S.C. = 15 to 30 % —water (sodium salt)
S.C. = high—benzene/alcohol, benzene/acetone, chloroform, pyridine,
acetone, esters, tetrahydrofuran
CA Cellulose acetate D.S. = 0.6 to 0.8—water
D.S. = 1.3 to 1.7—2-methoxyethanol
D.S. = 2.0 to 2.3—methylene chloride/methanol at 80:20, chloroform/
methanol, benzyl alcohol, phenols, ethylene glycol ethers, dioxane,
diethanolamine, pyridine, analine, acetone, cyclohexanone, formic
acid, acetic acid glacial), methyl acetate, ethyl acetate/nitrobenzene,
glycol monoethyl ether acetate, nitromethane, tetrahydrofuran
CAB Cellulose acetate-butyrate D.S. (acetate) = 0.8 and D.S. (butyrate) = 2.35—
benzene, toluene (hot), chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
tetrachloroethane, methanol (hot), acetone, cyclo-hexanone, dioxane,
aliphatic esters, nitroethane
CAB Cellulose acetate-butyrate D.S. (acetate) = 2.1 and D.S. (butyrate) = 0.7—
chloroform, dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, dioxane, acetone,
cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, nitroethane
CAP Cellulose acetate propionate benzene, dichloromethane, chlorobenzene, acetone, ethyl acetate
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D5226 − 98 (2010)
TABLE A1.1 Continued
Abbreviation Polymer Solvents
CN Cellulose nitrate N = 6.8 % —water
N = 10.5 to 12 % —alcohol (lower), alcohol/diethyl ether, acetone,
amyl acetate, ethylene glycol ethers, acetic acid (glacial)
N = 12.7 % —halogenated hydrocarbons, ethanol/diethyl ether,
acetone, methyl amyl acetone, cyclo-hexanone, methyl acetate, ethyl
acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl lactate, ethylene glycol ether acetates,
ethylene carbonate, furan derivatives, nitrobenzene
CP Cellulose propionate benzene, dichloro-ethane, chlorobenzene, acetone, ethyl acetate
CTA Cellulose triacetate methylene chloride, methylene chloride/ethanol at 80:20, chloroform,
chloroform/alcohol, trichloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetone,
acetone/water at 80:20, methyl acetate, ethylene glycol ether
acetates, ethylene carbonate
EPDM Diene-modified elthylene-propylene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, toluene at 75°C, 1,2,4-trichloro-benzene at
135°C
EP Epoxy, epoxide Tetrahydrofuran
EC Ethyl cellulose D.S. = 0.5 to 0.7—aqueous alkali
D.S. = 1.0 to 1.5—pyridene, formic acid, water (cold), cuoxam
D.S. = 2—methylene chloride, chloroform, dichloroethylene,
chlorohydrins, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran
D.S. = 2.3—benzene, toluene, alkyl halogenids, alcohols, furan
derivatives, ketones, acetic esters, carbon disulfide, nitromethane
D.S. = 3.0—benzene, toluene, methylene chloride, alcohols, esters
EEA Ethylene/ethyl acrylate aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran,
esters, ketones
EMA Ethylene/methacrylic acid water, aqueous hydrogen chloride (0.002M above 30°C), dilute
aqueous sodium hydroxide
ETFE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer perfluorokerosene (350°C)
EVA Ethylene/vinyl acetate benzene, toluene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride/ethanol,
dichloroethylene/ethanol at 20:80, chlorobenzene, methanol, ethanol/
water, n-butanol/water, allyl alcohol, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol, benzyl
alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran,
dimethyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, glycol ethers, glycol ether esters,
acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetic acid, lower aliphatic acids, vinyl
acetate, acetals, acetonitrile, nitromethane, N,N-dimethylformamide,
dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 135°C (if high ethylene
content)
LCP Liquid crystal polymer 50:50 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/phenol at 175°C, pentafluorophenol
MF Melamine formaldehyde Very low molecular weight—alcohol, water
Intermediates—pyridine, formalin, formic acids, dilute and
concentrated acids
High molecular weight—m-cresol at 100°C, N,N-dimethylformamide,
N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone at 85 to 100°C
PF Phenol-formaldehyde Novalks and low molecular weight—hydrocarbons, diethyl ether,
acetone, esters, 4-tert-butylphenol and 4-phenylphenol polymers,
drying oils, tetrahydrofuran, methanol
Final resins—molten phenols (with some decomposition)
PAA Poly(acrylic acid) Atactic—methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, methyoxyethanol,
dioxane, formamide, N,N-dimethyl-formamide, water, dilute alkali
solution
Isotactic—dioxane/water at 80:20
PAN Polyacrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)—o-, m-, p-phenylene diamine,
N-formylhexamethyleneimine, N-nitrosopiperidine, maleic anhydride,
chloromaleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, acetic anhydride,
citraconic anhydride, g-butyrolactone, dioxanone, p-dioxanedione,
ethylene oxalate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate,
2-oxazolidone, 1-methyl-2-pyridone, 1,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone,
E-caprolactam, N,N-dimethyl-formamide, dimethylthioformamide,
N-methyl-B-cyanoethylformamide, cyanoaceticacid, a-cyano-
acetamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-diethylacetamide, N,N-
dimethylacetamide, dimethylmethoxyacetamide, N,N-dimethyl-a,a,a-
trifluoroacetamide, N,N-dimethylpropionate, N,N,N’,N’-
tetramethyloxamide, hydroxyacetonitrile, chloro-acetonitrile/water,
B-hydroxypropionitrile, malonitrile, fumaronitrile, succinonitrile,
adiponitrile, bis(2-cyanoethyl)ether, bis(2-cyanoethyl)sulfide, bis(4-
cyanobutyl)sulfone, 1,3,3,5-tetracyanopentane, nitromethane/water
(94:6), 1,1,1-trichloro-3-nitro-2-propane, tri(2-cyanoethyl)nitromethane,
3-,4-nitrophenol, methylene dithiocyanate, trimethylene dithiocyanate,
dimethyl sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone, ethyl
methyl sulfone, 2-hydroxyethyl methyl sulfone, ethylene-1,2-bis-(ethyl
sulfone), dimethyl phosphite, diethyl phosphite, sulfuric acid, nitric
acid, p-phenol sulfonic acid, conc. aqueous lithium chloride, conc.
aqueous zinc chloride, conc. aqueous aluminum perchlorate, conc.
aqueous sodium thiocyanate, conc. aqueous calcium thiocyanate,
molten quaternary ammonium salts and their aqueous solutions
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D5226 − 98 (2010)
TABLE A1.1 Continued
Abbreviation Polymer Solvents
PA Polyamide 6—m-cresol, chlorophenol, formic acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic
acid, ethylene carbonate, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid,
hexamethyltrisphosphoramide, hexafluoroisopropanol
6:6 (at room temperature)—trifluoroethanol, trichloroethanol, phenol,
cresols, chloral hydrate, formic acid, halogenated acetic acids,
hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen cyanide/methanol, liquid sulfur dioxide,
sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, saturated solution of alcohol-soluble
salts, for example, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, in methanol,
hexafluoroisopropanol
6:6 (at temperatures of 120 to 140°C)—benzyl alcohol, ethylene
chlorohydrin, 1,3-chloropropanol, 2-butene-1,4-diol, diethylene glycol,
acetic acid, formamide, N-acetylmorpholine, dimethyl sulfoxide
6:10—chlorobenzene, hexafluoroisopropanol, dimethyl succinate
(79°C)
11:—higher primary alcohols, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl
sulfoxide, hexafluoroisopropanol
PA/PET Polyamide + Polyethylene terephthalate Pentafluorophenol
PB Poly(butadiene) tetrahydrofuran, toluene, chloroform
PBAN Polybutadiene-acrylonitrile benzene, halogenated hydrocarbons, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and
aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran,
higher ketones, higher aliphatic esters, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-
dimethylacetamide (if high acrylonitrile content)
PBS Polybutadiene-styrene benzene, halogenated hydrocarbons, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and
aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrahydrofuran,
higher ketones, higher aliphatic esters
PBT Poly(butylene terephthalate) m-cresol at 100°C, hexafluoroisopropanol
PB Polybutene-1 see Polyethylene
PC Polycarbonate benzene, chloroform, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride
Neoprene Polychloroprene tetrahydrofuran, toluene
PEEK Polyetheretherketone 50:50 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/phenol at 135°C
PEI Poly(ether imide) N-methyl pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide
at 85°C
PES Poly(ether sulfone) tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide
PE Polyethylene High-density (HDPE) (at temperatures above 80°C)—aliphatic,
cycloaliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aliphatic,
cycloaliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, higher aliphatic esters and
ketones, di-n-amyl ether
Low-density (LDPE)(LLDPE)—as high density, but temperatures 20 to
30°C lower depending on the degree of branching
CPE Polyethylene, chlorinated, 40 % tetrahydronapthalene, toluene, xylene, tetrachloroet
...
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