ASTM E1563-98(2012)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests with Echinoid Embryos
Standard Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests with Echinoid Embryos
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An acute toxicity test is conducted to obtain information concerning the acute effects of a short-term exposure of organisms to a test material under specific experimental conditions. An acute toxicity test does not provide information concerning whether delayed effects will occur.
5.2 Because embryos and larvae are usually assumed to be the most sensitive life stages of these echinoid species, and because some of these species are commercially and recreationally important, the results of these acute tests are often considered to be a good indication of the acceptability of pollutant concentrations to saltwater species in general. The results of these acute toxicity tests are often assumed to be an important consideration when assessing the hazard of materials to other saltwater organisms (see Guides E724 and E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for saltwater organisms (6).
5.3 The results of acute toxicity tests might be used to predict acute effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions, except that toxicity to benthic species might depend on sorption or settling of the test material onto the substrate.
5.4 The results of acute tests might be used to compare the acute sensitivities of different species and the acute toxicities of different test materials, and to determine the effects of various environmental factors on the results of such tests.
5.5 The results of acute toxicity tests might be useful for studying the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials.
5.6 The results of acute toxicity tests will depend on temperature, composition of the dilution water, condition of the test organisms, and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the acute effects of a test material on embryos and the resulting larvae of echinoid embryos (sea urchins and sand dollars) during static 48- to 96-h exposures. These procedures have generally been used with U.S. East Coast (Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ) (1)3 and West Coast species (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. droebachiensis, and Dendraster excentricus) (2). The basic procedures described in this guide first originated in Japan and Scandanavia (3), and parallel procedures have been used with foreign species, especially in Japan and the Mediterranean (4). These procedures will probably be useful for conducting static acute toxicity tests with embryos of other echinoid species, although modifications might be necessary.
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using procedures appropriate to a particular species or special needs and circumstances is more important than following prescribed procedures, the results of tests conducted by using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable with those of many other tests. The comparison of results obtained by using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting acute tests starting with embryos of echinoids.
1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct acute tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, surface waters and sediments (Annex A1). Renewal tests might be preferable to static tests for materials that have a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly transformed biologically or chemically in aqueous solution, or are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test chambers or organisms during the test.
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General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: E1563 − 98 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Guide for
Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests with Echinoid
1,2
Embryos
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1563; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate
matter, surface waters and sediments (Annex A1). Renewal
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory
tests might be preferable to static tests for materials that have
data concerning the acute effects of a test material on embryos
a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly trans-
and the resulting larvae of echinoid embryos (sea urchins and
formed biologically or chemically in aqueous solution, or are
sand dollars) during static 48- to 96-h exposures. These
removedfromtestsolutionsinsubstantialquantitiesbythetest
procedures have generally been used with U.S. East Coast
chambers or organisms during the test.
(Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis )
3
(1) andWestCoastspecies(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S.
1.4 Results of acute toxicity tests with echinoid embryos
droebachiensis, and Dendraster excentricus) (2). The basic
should usually be reported as the 50% effect concentration
procedures described in this guide first originated in Japan and
(EC50) based on the total abnormally developed embryos and
Scandanavia (3), and parallel procedures have been used with
larvae. In some situations, it might only be necessary to
foreign species, especially in Japan and the Mediterranean (4).
determine whether a specific concentration is acutely toxic to
These procedures will probably be useful for conducting static
embryos or whether the EC50 is above or below a specific
acute toxicity tests with embryos of other echinoid species,
concentration.
although modifications might be necessary.
1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justi-
fied by special needs or circumstances.Although using proce-
dures appropriate to a particular species or special needs and
Section
circumstances is more important than following prescribed
Scope 1
procedures, the results of tests conducted by using unusual
Referenced Documents 2
procedures are not likely to be comparable with those of many
Terminology 3
Summary of Guide 4
other tests. The comparison of results obtained by using
Significance and Use 5
modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might
Apparatus 6
provide useful information concerning new concepts and
Facilities 6.1
Construction Materials 6.2
procedures for conducting acute tests starting with embryos of
Test Chambers 6.3
echinoids.
Cleaning 6.4
Acceptability 6.5
1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals,
Safety Precautions 7
either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or
Dilution Water 8
known mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these proce- Requirements 8.1
Source 8.2
dures can be used to conduct acute tests on temperature,
Treatment 8.3
dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such materials as aqueous
Characterization 8.4
Test Material 9
General 9.1
Stock Solution 9.2
1
A Standard Guide is a document, developed using the consensus mechanisms
Test Concentration(s) 9.3
of ASTM that provides guidance for the selection of procedures to accomplish a
Test Organisms 10
specific test, but which does not stipulate specific procedures.
Species 10.1
2
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental Age 10.2
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil- Source of Embryos 10.3
Handling 10.4
ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Test Animal Source and Condition 10.5
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published January 2013. Originally
Spawning and Fertilization 10.6
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1563–98 (2004).
Quality 10.7
DOI: 10.1520/E1563-98R12.
3
Procedure 11
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
Experimental Design 11.1
this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E1563 − 98 (Reapproved 2012)
Dissolved Oxygen 11.2
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E1563 − 98 (2012)
3.1.1 Theterm“embryo”isusedhereintodenotethestages
Temperature 11.3
Beginning the Test 11.4
between the fertilization of the egg and the pluteus larva. The
Feeding 11.5
term “larva” is used herein to refer to the pluteus larva
D
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