ASTM E1415-22

Standard Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Tests With <emph type="ital">Lemna gibba</emph> G3

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The term duckweed commonly refers to members of the family Lemnaceae. This family has many species world-wide in 4 genera. This guide is designed for toxicity testing with one particular clone of one species of duckweed that has been extensively studied, Lemna gibba G3, although other species such as Lemna minor or Spirodela spp. can probably also be tested using the procedures described herein.  
5.2 Duckweeds are widespread, free-floating aquatic plants, ranging in the world from tropical to temperate zones. Duckweeds are a source of food for waterfowl and small animals and provide food, shelter, and shade for fish. The plants also serve as physical support for a variety of small invertebrates. Duckweed is fast growing and reproduces rapidly compared with other vascular plants (1).3 Under conditions favorable for its growth, it can multiply quickly and form a dense mat in lakes, ponds, and canals, primarily in fresh water, but also in estuaries. It also grows well in effluents of wastewater treatment plants and has been suggested as a means of treating wastewaters (2). A dense mat of duckweed can block sunlight and aeration and cause fish kills (3).  
5.3 Duckweed is small enough that large laboratory facilities are not necessary, but large enough that effects can be observed visually.  
5.4 Because duckweed is a floating macrophyte, it might be particularly susceptible to surface active and hydrophobic chemicals that concentrate at the air-water interface. Results of duckweed tests on such chemicals, therefore, might be substantially different from those obtained with other aquatic species.  
5.5 Results of toxicity tests with duckweed might be used to predict effects likely to occur on duckweed in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions.  
5.6 Results of tests with duckweed might be used to compare the toxicities of different materials and to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests.  
5.7...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of a text material added to growth medium on a certain species of duckweed (Lemna gibba G3) during a 7-day exposure using the static technique. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting toxicity tests with other species of duckweed and other floating vascular plants, although modifications might be necessary.  
1.2 Special needs or circumstances might also justify modification of this standard. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting tests with duckweed.  
1.3 The procedures in this guide are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature and pH and on such other materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments and surface waters. These procedures do not specifically address effluents because to date there is little experience using duckweeds in effluent testing and such tests may pose problems with acclimation of the test organisms to the receiving water. Static tests might not be applicable to materials that have a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed in aqueous solution, or are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test chambers or organisms during the test.  
1.4 Results of toxicity tests performed using the procedures in this guide should usually be reported in terms of the 7-day IC5...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2022
• ICS: 11.100.01 - Laboratory medicine in general
• Technical Committee: E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
• Drafting Committee: E50.47 - Biological Effects and Environmental Fate

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1415 − 22
Standard Guide for
1
Conducting Static Toxicity Tests With Lemna gibba G3
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1415; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope only be necessary to determine whether a specific concentra-
tion unacceptably affects the growth of the test species or
1.1 Thisguidedescribesproceduresforobtaininglaboratory
whether the IC50 is above or below a specific concentration.
data concerning the adverse effects of a text material added to
Another end point that may be calculated is the no observed
growth medium on a certain species of duckweed (Lemna
effect concentration (NOEC).
gibba G3) during a 7-day exposure using the static technique.
These procedures will probably be useful for conducting
1.5 The sections of this guide appear as follows:
toxicity tests with other species of duckweed and other floating
Title Section
vascular plants, although modifications might be necessary.
Referenced Documents 2
1.2 Special needs or circumstances might also justify modi-
Terminology 3
fication of this standard. Although using appropriate proce-
Summary of Guide 4
Significance and Use 5
dures is more important than following prescribed procedures,
Hazards 6
results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not
Apparatus 7
likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Com- Facilities 7.1
Test Chambers 7.2
parison of results obtained using modified and unmodified
Cleaning 7.3
versions of these procedures might provide useful information
Acceptability 7.4
concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting tests
Growth Medium 8
Test Material 9
with duckweed.
General 9.1
Stock Solution 9.2
1.3 The procedures in this guide are applicable to most
Test Concentration(s) 9.3
chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial
Test Organisms 10
products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications
Species 10.1
Source 10.2
these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature
Stock Culture 10.3
and pH and on such other materials as aqueous effluents (see
Procedure 11
also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sedi-
Experimental Design 11.1
Temperature 11.2
ments and surface waters.These procedures do not specifically
Illumination 11.3
address effluents because to date there is little experience using
Beginning the Test 11.4
duckweedsineffluenttestingandsuchtestsmayposeproblems
Duration of Test 11.5
Biological Data 11.6
with acclimation of the test organisms to the receiving water.
Other Measurements 11.7
Statictestsmightnotbeapplicabletomaterialsthathaveahigh
Analytical Methodology 12
oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or
Acceptability of Test 13
Calculation of Results 14
chemically transformed in aqueous solution, or are removed
Report 15
from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test cham-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
bers or organisms during the test.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.4 Results of toxicity tests performed using the procedures
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in this guide should usually be reported in terms of the 7-day
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
IC50 based on inhibition of growth. In some situations it might
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1415 – 91 (2012),
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
which was withdrawn January 2021 and reinstated in November 2022. DOI:
10.1520/E1415-22. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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