ASTM C1057-22

Standard Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and Thermesthesiometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures in this practice support the determination of the burn hazard potential for a heated surface. These procedures provide an estimate of the maximum skin contact temperature and must be used in conjunction with Guide C1055 to evaluate the surface hazard potential.  
5.2 The two procedures outlined herein are both based upon the same heat transfer principles. Method A uses a mathematical model to predict the contact temperature, while Method B uses a plastic rubber probe having similar heat transfer characteristics to the human finger to “measure” the contact temperature on real systems.  
5.3 These procedures serve as an estimate for the skin contact temperatures which might occur for the “average” individual. Unusual conditions of exposure, incorrect design assumptions, subject health conditions, or unforeseen operating conditions will potentially negate the validity of the estimations.  
5.4 These procedures are limited to direct contact exposure only. Conditions of personal exposure to periods of high ambient temperatures, direct flame exposure, or high radiant fluxes will potentially cause human injury in periods other than determined herein. Evaluation of exposures other than direct contact are beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.5 Cold Surface Exposure—No consensus criteria exists for the destruction of skin cells by freezing. If, at some future time, such criteria are developed, extrapolation of the techniques presented here will serve as a basis for cold surface exposure evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical approximation that is used during design or for worst case evaluation. The second method describes the thermesthesiometer, an instrument that analogues the human sensory mechanism and is only used on operating systems.  
Note 1: Both procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide C1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.  
1.2 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at the end of Guide C1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathematical modeling references are provided in the References at the end of this practice (1-5).2  
1.3 This practice addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The analysis procedures contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of contact.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2022
• ICS: 13.100 - Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene
• Technical Committee: C16 - Thermal Insulation
• Drafting Committee: C16.30 - Thermal Measurement

Relations

• Refers: ASTM C1055-20 - Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1057 − 22
Standard Practice for
Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated
Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and
1
Thermesthesiometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1057; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary
procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical
2. Referenced Documents
approximation that is used during design or for worst case
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
evaluation. The second method describes the
C168Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
thermesthesiometer, an instrument that analogues the human
C680Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
sensory mechanism and is only used on operating systems.
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
NOTE 1—Both procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
C1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can
C1055Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that
determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.
Produce Contact Burn Injuries
1.2 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and
surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at
3. Terminology
the end of Guide C1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathemati-
3.1 Definitions—Terminology C168 shall be considered as
cal modeling references are provided in the References at the
2
applicable to the terms used in this standard.
end of this practice (1-5).
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 This practice addresses the skin contact temperature
3.2.1 acceptable contact time—the limit of time of contact
determination for passive heated surfaces only. The analysis
for the heated surface and the exposed skin. Practice has
procedures contained herein are not applicable to chemical,
suggested limits of 5 s for industrial processes and up to 60 s
electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat genera-
for consumer items.
tion source at the location of contact.
3.2.2 burns:
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2.2.1 first degree burn—thereactiontoanexposurewhere
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
the intensity and duration is insufficient to cause complete
standard.
necrosis of the epidermal layer. The normal response to this
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
level of exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(reddening of the skin).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2.2 second degree burn—the reaction to an exposure
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
where the intensity and duration is sufficient to cause complete
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
necrosis of the epidermis but no significant damage to the
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dermis. The normal response to this exposure is blistering of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the epidermis.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.2.3 third degree burns—the reaction to an exposure
where significant dermal necrosis occurs. Significant dermal
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
necrosishasbeendefinedintheliteratureasa75%destruction
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally
3
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C1057–17. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/C1057-22. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this practice. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1057
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1057 − 17 C1057 − 22
Standard Practice for
Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated
Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and
1
Thermesthesiometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1057; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary
procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical approximation that can be is used during design or for worst case
evaluation. The second method describes the thermesthesiometer, an instrument that analogues the human sensory mechanism and
can beis only used only on operating systems.
NOTE 1—Both procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide C1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can determine
the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.
1.2 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at the end
of Guide C1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathematical modeling references are provided in the References at the end of this
2
practice (1-5).
1.3 This practice addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The analysis procedures
contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the
location of contact.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurement.
Current edition approved May 1, 2017May 1, 2022. Published June 2017May 2022. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20122017 as
C1057 – 12.C1057 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/C1057-17.10.1520/C1057-22.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this practice.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1057 − 22
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical
Systems by Use of Computer Programs
C1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology C168 shall be considered as applicable to the terms used in this standard.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 acceptable contact time—the limit of time of contact for the heated surface and the exposed skin. Practice has suggested
limits of 5 s for industrial processes and up to 60 s for consumer items.
3.2.2 burns:
3.2.2.1 first degree burn—the reaction to an exposure where the intensity and duration is insufficient to cause complete necrosis
of the epidermal layer. The normal response to this level of exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels (reddening of the
skin).
3.2.2.2 second degree burn—the reaction to an exposure where the intensity and duration is sufficient to cause complete necrosis
of the epidermis but no significant damage to the dermis. Th
...