ASTM E569/E569M-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation
ABSTRACT
This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examination or monitoring of structures, such as pressure vessels, piping systems, or other structures that can be stressed by mechanical or thermal means. The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources. Acoustic emission examination of a structure usually requires application of a mechanical or thermal stimulus. Such stimulation produces changes in the stresses in the structure. During stimulation of a structure, AE from discontinuities (such as cracks and inclusions) and from other areas of stress concentration, or from other acoustic sources (such as leaks, loose parts, and structural motion) can be detected by an instrumentation system, using sensors which, when stimulated by stress waves, generate electrical signals. Annual calibration and verification of pressure transducer, AE sensors, preamplifiers, signal processor, and AE electronic waveform generator should be performed.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Controlled stimulation, that is, the application of mechanical or thermal load, can generate AE from flawed areas of the structure. Sources may include flaw growth, oxide fracture, crack face stiction and release on load application, and crack face rubbing.
5.2 The load range above normal service (peak) load is used to propagate fatigue cracks in the plastically strained region ahead of the crack tip. Crack propagation may not be a reliable source of AE, depending on the alloy and microstructure, the amount (rate) of crack extension, and possibility of brittle fracture in a segment of crack extension.
5.3 Load increases resulting in significant ductile tearing may produce less emission than expected for the amount of crack growth. Processes that result in more brittle cleavage fractures are more detectable and produce more emission for smaller amounts of flaw growth. These include corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking modes of flaw growth, and would also be more likely in cast or welded structures than in fabricated (forged, rolled, or extruded) structures. Distributed defect structures such as hydrogen embrittlement, or creep cavitation in high temperature steels, may also produce significant emission without evidence of an existing crack-like flaw.
5.4 Application and relaxation of load can produce secondary mechanically-induced emission that is not related to flaw extension. This includes crack face stiction release on loading—usually evidenced by emission at the same rising load value regardless of peak load; or crack face rubbing on load release as the fracture surfaces come back together.
5.5 The load rate can be a significant concern as instrumentation can become saturated with AE activity. The ability to differentiate real data from background noise can be compromised.
5.6 Background noise must be fully investigated and minimized before any AE monitoring can begin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of structures, such as pressure vessels, piping systems, or other structures that can be stressed by mechanical or thermal means.
1.2 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of reported acoustic emission sources.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if an...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E569/E569M − 20
Standard Practice for
Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During
1
Controlled Stimulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E569/E569M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
Sensors
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission
E976 GuideforDeterminingtheReproducibilityofAcoustic
(AE) monitoring of structures, such as pressure vessels, piping
Emission Sensor Response
systems, or other structures that can be stressed by mechanical
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
or thermal means.
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance
1.2 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to
Verification
detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of
3
2.2 Other Documents:
nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
the significance of reported acoustic emission sources.
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva- 4
2.3 AIA Standard:
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
Testing Personnel
from the two systems shall not be combined.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms relating to acoustic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
emission may be found in Section B of Terminology E1316.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.1 active source, n—onewhichexhibitsincreasingcumu-
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
lative AE activity with increasing or constant stimulus.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.2 AE activity, n—the presence of acoustic emission
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
during an examination.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.3 AE source intensity, n—average energy, counts, or
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
amplitude per hit.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.4 critically active source, n—one which exhibits an
2. Referenced Documents
increasing rate of change of cumulative AE activity with
2
increasing or constant stimulus.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive 3.2.5 critically intense source, n—one in which the AE
Testing source intensity consistently increases with increasing stimulus
or with time under constant stimulus.
3.2.6 intense source, n—one in which the AE source inten-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- sity of an active source consistently exceeds, by a specified
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
amount, the average AE source intensity of active sources.
Acoustic Emission Method.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2020. Published February 2020. Originally
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E569/E569M – 13.
3
DOI: 10.1520/E0569_E0569M-20. AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E569/E
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E569/E569M − 13 E569/E569M − 20
Standard Practice for
Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During
1
Controlled Stimulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E569/E569M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of structures, such as pressure vessels, piping
systems, or other structures that can be stressed by mechanical or thermal means.
1.2 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of
nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of reported acoustic emission sources.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated
in each system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall
be used independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standards.shall not be combined.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E750E976 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission InstrumentationGuide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic
Emission Sensor Response
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
3
2.2 Other Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
4
2.3 AIA Standard:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms relating to acoustic emission may be found in Section B of Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 AE activity—the presence of acoustic emission during an examination.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission
Method.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013Jan. 15, 2020. Published January 2013February 2020. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 as
E569 - 07.E569/E569M – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E0569_E0569M-13.10.1520/E0569_E0569M-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E569/E569M − 20
3.2.1 active source—source, n—one which exhibits increasing cumulative AE activity with increasing or constant stimulus.
3.2.2 AE activity, n—the presence of acoustic emission during an examination.
3.2.3 AE source intensity, n—average energy, counts, or amplitude per hit.
3.2.4 critically active source—s
...
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