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ASTM D7625-10

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Abrasiveness of Rock Using the CERCHAR Method (Withdrawn 2019)

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Abrasiveness of Rock Using the CERCHAR Method (Withdrawn 2019)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The CERCHAR test and associated CAI were developed at a time of more demand for application of mechanical excavation machines at the Laboratoire du Center d' Études et Recherches des Charbonnages de France (CERCHAR) (3). CAI is used to assess the abrasiveness of rock for mechanical excavation. Rock abrasiveness governs the performance of disc cutters, the rate of its replacement and therefore subsequent tunnel costs. Advances in methods of underground excavation, in particular the use of the tunnel boring machine (TBM), necessitates knowledge of rock abrasiveness. Abrasiveness expresses a behavioral characteristic of rock rather than a fundamental physical or mechanical property.
CAI tests were originally carried out on natural broken surfaces. In heterogeneous rock types such as conglomerates, coarse grained granite or schistose rock, suitable fresh test surfaces are not achieved by mechanical breakage using a hammer. In these cases CAI values for “smooth” surfaces cut with a diamond saw are acceptable for use but shall be normalized by Eq 2 before they can be used (1).  
The test velocity for the Original Cerchar apparatus is approximately 10 mm/s and 1 mm/s for the West Cerchar apparatus. The CAI values obtained for both testing velocities (1) are estimated to be equal.  
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by these practices is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing and sampling. Users of these practices are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasiveness of rock by the CERCHAR Abrasiveness Index (CAI) method. The test method consists of measuring the wear on the tip of steel stylus with a cone shape and known Rockwell Hardness, caused by scratching against a freshly broken or saw cut rock surface for a prescribed 10 mm distance using one of the two test apparatus.
1.2 This test method is intended for freshly broken rock surfaces; however, saw cut surfaces are covered for when a satisfactory rock surface cannot be obtained.
1.3 Stylus Rockwell Hardness (HRC) can have a profound effect on the results and the focus of this test method is an HRC value of 55 for every test (1,2). However, there are situations where stylus with different Rockwell Hardness can be used Therefore, this test method includes discussions on stylus with different Rockwell Hardness.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-May-2010
ICS
91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.12 - Rock Mechanics
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7625-10 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Abrasiveness of Rock Using the CERCHAR Method (Withdrawn 2019)ASTM D7625-10 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Abrasiveness of Rock Using the CERCHAR Method (Withdrawn 2019)
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ASTM D7625-10 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Abrasiveness of Rock Using the CERCHAR Method (Withdrawn 2019)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7625 − 10
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Determination of Abrasiveness of Rock Using
1
the CERCHAR Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7625; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
siveness of rock by the CERCHAR Abrasiveness Index (CAI)
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
method.The test method consists of measuring the wear on the
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
tip of steel stylus with a cone shape and known Rockwell
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Hardness, caused by scratching against a freshly broken or saw
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
cut rock surface for a prescribed 10 mm distance using one of
D5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core
the two test apparatus.
Samples
1.2 This test method is intended for freshly broken rock
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
surfaces; however, saw cut surfaces are covered for when a
Data
satisfactory rock surface cannot be obtained.
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
1.3 Stylus Rockwell Hardness (HRC) can have a profound terials
effectontheresultsandthefocusofthistestmethodisanHRC
2
value of 55 for every test (1,2). However, there are situations 3. Terminology
where stylus with different Rockwell Hardness can be used
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
Therefore, this test method includes discussions on stylus with
method, refer to Terminology D653.
different Rockwell Hardness.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
3.2.1 abrasiveness, n—the wear or loss of material which
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
the rock produces on contact with another material such as
Practice D6026.
TBM cutter or drill bit.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2.2 Rockwell Hardness Scale (HRC), n—a hardness scale
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
based on the indentation hardness of a material, which corre-
standard.
lates linearly with its tensile strength. The Rockwell test
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
determines the hardness by measuring the depth of penetration
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of an indenter under a large load compared to the penetration
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
made by a preload.The results, as a dimensionless number, are
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
notedbyHRfollowedbythedesignationletterfromA-Fbased
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
upon used scale. For current standard, letter C is used as the
scale letter for hard steel.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A steel stylus having a 90E conical tip with its axis
perpendicular, and in contact with a rock surface, under a total
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
constantforceof70N,isscratchedinadirectionparalleltothe
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved May 15, 2010. Published July 2010. DOI: 10.1520/
rock surface over a distance of 10 mm.
D7625–10.
2
4.2 Basically, the CERCHAR test is a measurement of the
The bold numbers in parenthesis refer to a list of references at the end of this
standard.
relative different hardness of stylus tip and rock specimen
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
surface. The stylus tip is made of steel having a known
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Rockwell Hardness. Experiments have shown that CAI varies
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. inversely with stylus hardness. Test results with the same steel
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7625 − 10
typestylusbutwithdifferenthardnessneedtobenormalizedto with a diamond saw are acceptable for use but shall be
standard stylus hardness (3). normalized by Eq 2 before they can be used (1).
4.3 After the test, width of the wear flatness is measured on 5.3 The test
...

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ASTM D7625-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Abrasiveness of Rock Using the CERCHAR Abrasiveness Index Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The CERCHAR test and associated CAI were developed at a time of more demand for application of mechanical excavation machines at the Laboratoire du Center d' Études et Recherches des Charbonnages de France (CERCHAR) (5). CAI is used to assess the abrasiveness of rock for mechanical excavation. Rock abrasiveness governs the performance of disc cutters, the rate of its replacement and therefore subsequent tunnel costs. Advances in methods of underground excavation, in particular the use of the tunnel boring machine (TBM), necessitates knowledge of rock abrasiveness. Abrasiveness expresses a behavioral characteristic of rock rather than a fundamental physical or mechanical property.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasiveness of rock by the CERCHAR Abrasiveness Index (CAI) method. The test method consists of measuring the wear on the tip of steel stylus with a cone shape and known Rockwell Hardness, caused by scratching against a freshly broken or saw cut rock surface for a prescribed 10 mm distance using one of the two test apparatus.  
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5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 The sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate soundness test is one method by which to estimate qualitatively the durability of rock under weathering conditions. This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value, but rather an indication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.  
5.3 This test method has been used to evaluate many different types of rocks. There have been occasions when test results have provided data that have not agreed with the durability of rock under actual field conditions; samples yielding a low soundness loss have disintegrated in actual usage, and the reverse has been true.
Note 1: The quality of results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors and Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of them.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers test procedures for evaluating the soundness of rock for erosion control by the effects of a sodium or magnesium sulfate solution on slabs of rock. It is an accelerated weathering test. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be representative of erosion control sized materials and their inherent weaknesses. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials.  
1.1.1 The limitations of this test are twofold. First the test is a simulation of freezing and thawing conditions using accelerated life cycling techniques. The test evaluates the internal expansive force derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, an event that may not occur in some natural environments, to simulate the expansion of water rather than the actual freezing of water. Secondly, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation.  
1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials for erosion control is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
1.3.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practi...

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ASTM
ASTM D6910/D6910M-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Marsh Funnel Viscosity of Construction Slurries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity is a fundamental characteristic for slurries in construction applications. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity test can be used for field quality control of slurries. Relative changes in slurry viscosity can be identified using Marsh Funnel measurements and modifications can be made to mixing and handling procedures.
Note 1: The development of the Marsh Funnel is credited to Hallan N. Marsh of Los Angeles who published the design and use of his funnel viscometer in 1931.  
5.2 This test method allows for the assessment of the apparent viscosity of construction slurries in the laboratory and in the field. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity is not a true viscosity, it is an index value and can only be used to assess the relative viscosity of the slurry to water. Higher MFV values are obtained for slurries with higher viscosity and lower MFV values are obtained for slurries with lower viscosity.  
5.3 In this test, it is assumed that the apparent viscosity of a slurry is directly related to the flow duration through a specially shaped funnel (the Marsh Funnel).  
5.4 In slurry construction applications, the viscosity of a slurry must be maintained within a predetermined range to stabilize the surrounding soil being supported.  
5.5 The Marsh Funnel Viscosity has been widely used in drilling soil and rock for water wells and oil, gas, soil stabilization, foundation drilling, and hydraulic barrier applications.  
5.6 Inert suspended solids (such as fine sands, clays, and cement) and additives affect the viscosity of slurries. This test may be used to determine the relative effects of these and other such materials on the viscosity of a slurry.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling/inspection/etc. Us...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides an indirect measurement of the viscosity of construction slurries using a funnel (Marsh Funnel) and a graduated cup with specific volume marks. This test method provides an indicator of the viscosity on a routine basis. This test method has been modified from the API Recommended Practice 13B-1.  
1.2 The result determined using the method is referred to as the Marsh Funnel Viscosity. The Marsh Funnel Viscosity is an index property and is not an actual measurement of viscosity.  
1.3 This test can be performed in the laboratory or in the field to assess the Marsh Funnel Viscosity of a slurry for quality control purposes.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7626-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Organic Treat Loading of Organophilic Clay

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard test method is intended as an index test to determine the organic treat loading of organophilic clay. This standard test method can be used for manufacturing quality control and construction quality assurance material evaluation.  
5.2 The percent organic treat loading of organophilic clay is a relative indicator of its adsorptive capacity. Organophilic clay is used for remediation of contaminated sediment, soil, and groundwater.  
5.3 The two test methods denote different devices, a muffle furnace and a thermal gravimetric analyzer. The thermal gravimetric analyzer may be programmed to reach a higher temperature than the muffle furnace, but the organic matter will be burnt off at 750 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers two index test methods that can be used in the evaluation of the amount of organic compound chemically bonded to the base clay portion of a representative sample of organophilic clay.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
Note 1: This standard is presented using SI units. Use of units other than SI is allowed. However, if other units are used, the performance of a units conversion check of the calculations should be included as a part of the calculations.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The methods differ in equipment, the size of the specimen (mass) required and the significant digits reported.  
1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of the reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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