ASTM A275/A275M-07
(Test Method)Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This standard does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1 - Guide E 709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E 1444. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E 1444, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: A 275/A 275M – 07
Standard Practice for
1
Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 275/A 275M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2 priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for magnetic particle
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce
consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be
2. Referenced Documents
based. This standard does not contain acceptance standards or
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
recommended quality levels.
E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half
E 1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
wave)currentshallbeusedastheelectricpowersourceforany
2.2 Other Document:
of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permit-
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, Supplement
ted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is
4
B-Magnetic Particle Method
very limited and therefore unsuitable.
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are
3. Terminology
outside the scope of this practice.
3.1 Definitions:
NOTE 1—Guide E 709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examina-
3.1.1 indication—the visual magnetic particle buildup re-
tion in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from
sulting from leakage fields in the magnetic field.
steel forgings.
3.1.2 linear indication—an indication in which the length is
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle ex-
at least three times the width. The minimum length of
1
amination shall conform to practice standards of Practice
indications to be considered linear shall be ⁄16 in. [1.6 mm].
E 1444. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with
3.1.3 magnetic flux—the product of the magnetic induction
the requirements of Practice E 1444, the requirements of this
and the area of a surface (or cross section) when the magnetic
practice shall prevail.
induction is uniformly distributed and normal to the plane of
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifica-
the surface. The concept that the magnetic field is flowing
tions are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units.
along the lines of force suggests that these lines are therefore
However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” speci-
“flux” lines, and they are called magnetic flux.
fication designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished
3.1.4 magnetic particle method of examination—a method
to inch-pound units.
for detecting discontinuities on or near the surface in suitably
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
magnetized materials, which employs finely divided magnetic
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
particles that tend to congregate in regions of leakage fields.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.5 nonrelevant indications—indications produced by
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
leakage fields. However, the conditions causing them are
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
present by design or accident, or other features of the part
with the standard.
having no relation to the damaging flaws being sought. The
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
term signifies that such an indication has no relation to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
discontinuities that might constitute defects.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
3
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A 275/A 275M – 06.
4
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Method Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 4153 Arlingate
SA-275/SA-275M in Section II of that Code. Plaza, Caller #28515, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
*ASummary of Cha
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A275/A275M–06
Standard Test Method for Designation: A 275/A 275M – 07
Standard Practice for
1
Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 275/A 275M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1This test method*
2
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings.The procedure will produce consistent
results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This standard does not contain acceptance standards or recommended
quality levels.
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of
the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very
limited and therefore unsuitable.
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this test method. practice.
NOTE 1—Guide E 709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel
forgings.
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E 1444. If the
requirements of this test method practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E 1444, the requirements of this test
methodpractice shall prevail.
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However,
unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound
units.
1.5
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E 1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
2.2 Other Document:
4
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, Supplement B-Magnetic Particle Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 indication—the visual magnetic particle buildup resulting from leakage fields in the magnetic field.
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as A275/A275M–98 (2003).
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A 275/A 275M – 06.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Method SA-275/SA-275M in Section II of that Code.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 4153 Arlingate Plaza, Caller #28515, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 275/A 275M – 07
3.1.2 linear indication—an indication in which the length is at least three times the width. The minimum length of indications
1
to be considered linear shall be ⁄16 in. [1.6 mm].
3.1.3 magnetic flux—the product of the magnetic induction and the area of a surface (or cross section) when the magnetic
induction is uniformly distributed and normal to the plane of the surface. The concept that the magnetic field is flowing along the
lines of force suggests that these lines are therefore “flux” lines, and they are called magnetic flux.
3.1.4 magnetic particle method of examination— a method for detecting discontinuities on or near the surface in suitab
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A275/A275M–06
Standard Test Method for Designation: A 275/A 275M – 07
Standard Practice for
1
Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 275/A 275M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1This test method*
2
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings.The procedure will produce consistent
results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This standard does not contain acceptance standards or recommended
quality levels.
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of
the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very
limited and therefore unsuitable.
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this test method. practice.
NOTE 1—Guide E 709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel
forgings.
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E 1444. If the
requirements of this test method practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E 1444, the requirements of this test
methodpractice shall prevail.
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However,
unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound
units.
1.5
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E 1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
2.2 Other Document:
4
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, Supplement B-Magnetic Particle Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 indication—the visual magnetic particle buildup resulting from leakage fields in the magnetic field.
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved MaySept. 1, 2006.2007. Published May 2006.September 2007. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 20032006 as
A275/A275M–98 (2003).A 275/A 275M – 06.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Method SA-275/SA-275M in Section II of that Code.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 4153 Arlingate Plaza, Caller #28515, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 275/A 275M – 07
3.1.2 linear indication—an indication in which the length is at least three times the width. The minimum length of indications
1
to be considered linear shall be ⁄16 in. [1.6 mm].
3.1.3 magnetic flux—the product of the magnetic induction and the area of a surface (or cross section) when the magnetic
induction is uniformly distributed and normal to the plane of the surface. The concept that the magnetic field is flowing along the
lines of force suggests that these lines are therefore “flux” lines, and they are called magnetic flux.
3.1.4 magnetic particle method of examination— a method for detecting discontinuities on or near the surface in suitably
magnetized materials, which employs finely divided magnetic particles that tend to congregate in regions of
...
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