ASTM A275/A275M-08
(Test Method)Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A 508/A 508M.
Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This standard does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1—Guide E 709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E 1444. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E 1444, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limi...
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Designation: A275/A275M − 08
StandardPractice for
1
Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA275/A275M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for magnetic particle
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
based. This standard does not contain acceptance standards or
recommended quality levels.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
wave)currentshallbeusedastheelectricpowersourceforany
A508/A508M Specification for Quenched and Tempered
of the magnetizing methods.Alternating current is not permit-
Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for
ted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is
Pressure Vessels
very limited and therefore unsuitable.
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
outside the scope of this practice.
2.2 Other Document:
NOTE1—GuideE709maybeutilizedformagneticparticleexamination
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, Supplement
in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel
4
B-Magnetic Particle Method
forgings.
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle ex-
3. Terminology
amination shall conform to practice standards of Practice
3.1 Definitions:
E1444. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with
3.1.1 indication—the visual magnetic particle buildup re-
the requirements of Practice E1444, the requirements of this
sulting from leakage fields in the magnetic field.
practice shall prevail.
3.1.2 linear indication—an indication in which the length is
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifica-
at least three times the width. The minimum length of
tions are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units.
1
indications to be considered linear shall be ⁄16 in. [1.6 mm].
However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” speci-
3.1.3 magnetic flux—the product of the magnetic induction
fication designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished
and the area of a surface (or cross section) when the magnetic
to inch-pound units.
induction is uniformly distributed and normal to the plane of
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
the surface. The concept that the magnetic field is flowing
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
along the lines of force suggests that these lines are therefore
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
“flux” lines, and they are called magnetic flux.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.1.4 magnetic particle method of examination— a method
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
for detecting discontinuities on or near the surface in suitably
with the standard.
magnetized materials, which employs finely divided magnetic
particles that tend to congregate in regions of leakage fields.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A275/A275M – 07. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/A0275_A0275M-08. the ASTM website.
2 4
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Method Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 4153 Arlingate
SA-275/SA-275M in Section II of that Code. Plaza, Caller #28515, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A275/A275M–07 Designation: A 275/A 275M – 08
Standard Practice for
1
Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 275/A 275M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 Thispractice coversaprocedureformagneticparticleexaminationofsteelforgings.Theprocedurewillproduceconsistent
results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This standard does not contain acceptance standards or recommended
quality levels.
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of
the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very
limited and therefore unsuitable.
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
NOTE 1—Guide E 709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel
forgings.
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E 1444. If the
requirementsofthispracticeareinconflictwiththerequirementsofPracticeE 1444,therequirementsofthispracticeshallprevail.
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However,
unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound
units.
1.5
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASTM Standards:
A 508/A 508M Specification for Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure
Vessels
E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E 1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
2.2 Other Document:
4
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, Supplement B-Magnetic Particle Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 indication—the visual magnetic particle buildup resulting from leakage fields in the magnetic field.
3.1.2 linear indication—an indication in which the length is at least three times the width. The minimum length of indications
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved Sept.Nov. 1, 2007.2008. Published September 2007.November 2008. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 20062007
as A 275/A 275M – 067.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Method SA-275/SA-275M in Section II of that Code.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 4153 Arlingate Plaza, Caller #28515, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 275/A 275M – 08
1
to be considered linear shall be ⁄16 in. [1.6 mm].
3.1.3 magnetic flux—the product of the magnetic induction and the area of a surface (or cross section) when the magnetic
induction is uniformly distributed and normal to the plane of the surface. The concept that the magnetic field is flowing along the
lines of fo
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A 275/A 275M–07 Designation: A275/A275M – 08
Standard Practice for
1
Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA275/A275M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 Thispractice coversaprocedureformagneticparticleexaminationofsteelforgings.Theprocedurewillproduceconsistent
results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This standard does not contain acceptance standards or recommended
quality levels.
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of
the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very
limited and therefore unsuitable.
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
NOTE1—GuideE709 1—GuideE709maybeutilizedformagneticparticleexaminationinthefieldformachinerycomponentsoriginallymanufactured
from steel forgings.
1.3 TheminimumrequirementsformagneticparticleexaminationshallconformtopracticestandardsofPracticeE1444E1444.
If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E 1444E1444, the requirements of this practice
shall prevail.
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However,
unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound
units.
1.5
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASTM Standards:
A508/A508M SpecificationforQuenchedandTemperedVacuum-TreatedCarbonandAlloySteelForgingsforPressureVessels
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
2.2 Other Document:
4
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, Supplement B-Magnetic Particle Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 indication—the visual magnetic particle buildup resulting from leakage fields in the magnetic field.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A 275/A 275M–06.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A275/A275M – 07. DOI:
10.1520/A0275_A0275M-08.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Method SA-275/SA-275M in Section II of that Code.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 4153 Arlingate Plaza, Caller #28515, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A275/A275M – 08
3.1.2 linear indication—an indication in which the length is at least three times the width. The minimum length of indications
1
to be considered linear shall be ⁄16 in. [1.6 mm].
3.1.3 magnetic flux—the product of the magnetic induction and the area of a surface (or cross section) when the magnetic
in
...
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