ASTM E1161-21

Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic minimum parameters and controls for the application of radiographic examination of electronic devices. Factors such as device handling, equipment, ESDS, materials, personnel qualification, procedure and quality requirements, reporting, records and radiation sensitivity are addressed. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure and must be supplemented by a detailed examination technique/procedure (see 10.1).  
4.2 This practice does not set limits on radiation dose but does list requirements to limit and document radiation dose to devices. When radiation dose limits are an issue, the requestor of radiographic examinations must be cognizant of this issue and state any maximum radiation dose limitations that are required in the contractual agreement between the using parties.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the minimum requirements for nondestructive radiographic examination of semiconductor devices, microelectronic devices, electromagnetic devices, electronic and electrical devices, and the materials used for construction of these items.  
1.2 This practice covers the radiographic examination of these items to detect possible defective conditions within the sealed case, especially those resulting from sealing the lid to the case, and internal defects such as extraneous material (foreign objects), improper interconnecting wires, voids in the die attach material or in the glass (when sealing glass is used), solder defects, or physical damage.  
1.3 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order, contract, or inspection technique. Specific applications may require adherence to this practice in part or in full. Deviations from this practice shall be enumerated in inspection plan and approved by both cognizant engineering organization and supplier.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-May-2021
• ICS: 31.080.01 - Semiconductor devices in general
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.01 - Radiography (X and Gamma) Method

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E1316-24 - Standard Terminology for <?Pub Dtl?>Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM E1742/E1742M-23 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM E1411-23 - Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM E1255-23 - Standard Practice for Radioscopy
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM E1316-19b - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1316-19 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM E2698-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2018
• Refers: ASTM E1316-18 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM E1316-17a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2017
• Refers: ASTM E1316-17 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Refers: ASTM E1000-16 - Standard Guide for Radioscopy
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Refers: ASTM E1316-16a - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2016
• Refers: ASTM E1411-16 - Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2016
• Refers: ASTM E1316-16 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2016

Overview

ASTM E1161-21: Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components establishes the minimum parameters and controls for using radiographic (X-ray) examination as a nondestructive testing (NDT) method for semiconductors and electronic components. This standard addresses device handling, equipment, material requirements, electrostatic discharge sensitivity (ESDS), personnel qualifications, reporting procedures, and radiation safety measures. Its purpose is to ensure that internal defects in semiconductor and electronic devices can be effectively identified and documented for quality control and reliability assurance.

ASTM E1161-21 is designed for integration into engineering drawings, specifications, or contracts, and requires supplementation with detailed examination techniques appropriate for the specific devices and applications.

Key Topics

• Scope of Application

  • Applies to semiconductor devices, microelectronic devices, electromagnetic components, and associated construction materials.
  • Used to detect internal defects such as:
    • Voids in die attach material or glass
    • Improper or damaged interconnecting wires
    • Solder defects
    • Physical damage or extraneous/foreign materials

• Examination Controls

  • Specifies minimum requirements for device handling and ESDS procedures to prevent device damage during testing.
  • Requires qualified personnel and agency certification based on recognized NDT standards (e.g., ANSI/ASNT CP-189, ISO 9712, NAS-410).
  • Calls for proper environmental controls (e.g., clean exposure and darkroom areas, subdued lighting for film interpretation) to ensure valid results.

• Equipment and Materials

  • Only X-ray generating equipment is permitted; systems must be selected and operated to avoid causing device damage.
  • Both film-based and non-film (digital detector arrays, computed radiography) systems are acceptable when proven to meet required quality levels.
  • ESD-compliant materials and work surfaces are mandatory to protect sensitive devices.

• Radiation Dose Management

  • While specific radiation limits are not set, the standard requires dose minimization, documentation, and agreement on dose limits between parties when necessary.
  • Use of filters and dose monitoring (such as thermoluminescence dosimetry, TLD) is required to control and document exposures.

• Reporting and Documentation

  • Comprehensive recordkeeping of examination parameters, results, and radiation doses is essential.
  • Any deviations from the standard must be documented, reviewed, and approved by both the engineering organization and the supplier.

Applications

• Quality Assurance in Electronics Manufacturing

  • Ensures detection of manufacturing defects in sealed semiconductor and electronic components without destructive analysis.
  • Supports high-reliability industries such as aerospace, defense, automotive, medical devices, and consumer electronics.

• Supplier Evaluation and Contract Compliance

  • Provides a referenced practice for inclusion in purchase orders, engineering drawings, and contracts to ensure uniform NDT procedures across the supply chain.
  • Facilitates objective acceptance criteria for incoming inspection, in-process inspection, and failure analysis.

• Device Reliability and Safety

  • Minimizes risks of latent defects in critical electronic systems by enabling early detection and corrective actions.
  • Supports compliance with international and national requirements for radiation safety, ESDS, and NDT personnel qualifications.

Related Standards

• ASTM E94/E94M - Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
• ASTM E801 - Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Examination of Electronic Devices
• ASTM E1815 - Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
• ANSI/ESD S20.20 - Standard for the Development of an Electrostatic Discharge Control Program
• ISO 9712 - Non-destructive Testing – Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
• MIL-STD-750 and MIL-STD-883 - Department of Defense standards for semiconductor radiographic inspection
• NCRP 116 & NCRP 144 - Radiation safety guidelines

By following ASTM E1161-21, organizations can standardize their radiographic inspection of semiconductors and electronic components, ensuring product quality, reliability, and compliance with industry best practices in nondestructive testing.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1161 − 21
Standard Practice for
Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and
Electronic Components
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This practice provides the minimum requirements for
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
nondestructive radiographic examination of semiconductor
devices, microelectronic devices, electromagnetic devices,
2. Referenced Documents
electronic and electrical devices, and the materials used for
construction of these items.
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
the extent specified herein:
1.2 This practice covers the radiographic examination of
these items to detect possible defective conditions within the
2.2 ASTM Standards:
sealed case, especially those resulting from sealing the lid to
E94/E94MGuide for Radiographic Examination Using In-
the case, and internal defects such as extraneous material
dustrial Radiographic Film
(foreign objects), improper interconnecting wires, voids in the
E431Guide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semicon-
die attach material or in the glass (when sealing glass is used),
ductors and Related Devices
solder defects, or physical damage.
E543Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing
1.3 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
thatmayrequireagreementbetweenthecognizantengineering
or X Radiation
organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the
E801Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Ex-
cognizant engineering organization. These items should be
amination of Electronic Devices
addressed in the purchase order, contract, or inspection tech-
E999Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
nique. Specific applications may require adherence to this
graphic Film Processing
practiceinpartorinfull.Deviationsfromthispracticeshallbe
E1000Guide for Radioscopy
enumeratedininspectionplanandapprovedbybothcognizant
E1079Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
engineering organization and supplier.
eters
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
E1255Practice for Radioscopy
regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
included in this practice.
E1390Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing In-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
dustrial Radiographs
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1411Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E1453Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1475Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Digital Radiological Examination Data
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E1742/E1742MPractice for Radiographic Examination
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
E1815Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
Industrial Radiography
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2021.PublishedJuly2021.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1161–09(2014). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1161-21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1161 − 21
E1817Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex- MIL-STD-883, Method 2012Radiography
amination by Using Representative Quality Indicators MIL-STD-981 Design, Manufacturing and Quality Stan-
(RQIs) dards for Custom Electromagnetic Devices for Space
E1936Reference Radiograph for Evaluating the Perfor- Applications
mance of Radiographic Digitization Systems 2.7 Federal Standard:
E2002Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness FED-STD-595Color (Requirements for Individual Color
and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radios- Chits)
copy 2.8 NCRP Documents:
E2007Guide for Computed Radiography NCRP 116Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
E2033Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Com- NCRP 144Radiation Protection for Particle Accelerator
puted Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence Facilities
Method) 2.9 ISO Standard:
E2339Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in ISO 9712Non-destructive Testing – Qualification and Cer-
Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) tification of NDT Personnel
E2445/E2445MPractice for Performance Evaluation and 2.10 SMPTE Document:
Long-Term Stability of Computed Radiography Systems
SMPTE RP 133 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic
E2597/E2597MPracticeforManufacturingCharacterization Imaging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and Hard-
of Digital Detector Arrays
Copy Recording Cameras
E2698Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital
3. Terminology
Detector Arrays
E2736Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography
3.1 Definitions—Definitions relating to radiographic
E2737Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance
examination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply
Evaluation and Long-Term Stability
to the terms used in this practice.
2.3 ANSI Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ANSI/ESDS20.20ESDAssociationStandardfortheDevel-
3.2.1 controlling documentation, n—the document or stan-
opmentofanElectrostaticDischargeControlProgramfor
dard that is specified by contractual agreement and lists such
Protection of Electrical and Electronic Parts, Assemblies
items as the examination requirements, number of views, and
and Equipment (Excluding Electrically Initiated Explo-
acceptance criteria. Controlling documentation may be in the
sive Devices)
form of a purchase order, engineering drawing, Military
ANSI/NCSL Z540-3Requirements for the Calibration of
Standard, etc., or a combination thereof.
Measuring and Test Equipment
4 3.2.2 device(s), n—for the purpose of this practice,theterm
2.4 ASNT Standard:
“device”and“devices”shallbeusedtodescribemicrocircuits,
ANSI/ASNT CP-189Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
semiconductors, electromagnetic devices, electronic and elec-
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
trical component parts. Microcircuits include such items as,
SNT-TC-1ARecommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
monolithic, multichip and hybrid microcircuits, microcircuit
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
5 arrays, and the elements from which these circuits are made.
2.5 AIA Document:
Semiconductors include such items as diodes, transistors,
NAS-410Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
voltage regulators, rectifiers, tunnel diodes, and other related
Test Personnel
parts. Electromagnetic devices include such items as
2.6 Department of Defense (DOD) Documents:
transformers, inductors, and coils. Electronic and electrical
MIL-PRF-28861 Performance Specification—General
components include such items as capacitors, resistors,
SpecificationforFiltersandCapacitors,RadioFrequency/
switches, and relays.This is not an all-inclusive list, therefore,
Electromagnetic Interference Suppression
the term “device” or “devices” will be used throughout this
MIL-STD-202 Test Method Standard Electronic and Elec-
practice to refer to the items which are the subject of the
trical Component Parts
radiographic examination process.
MIL-STD-202, Method 209Radiographic Inspection
3.2.3 micro-bubbles, n—a film defect where tiny bubbles in
MIL-STD-750 Test Method Standard Test Methods for
the film’s emulsion create white dots on the processed radio-
Semiconductor Devices
graph. Micro-bubbles are unacceptable when they show up in
MIL-STD-750, Method 2076Radiographic Inspection
the area of interest of a device because they can be interpreted
MIL-STD-883 Test Method Standard Microcircuits
as extraneous matter (foreign material).
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Available from National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box (NCRP), 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095, https://
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org. ncrponline.org/.
5 8
Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org. Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:// Available from SMPTE,White Plains Plaza 445 HamiltonAve STE 601White
www.dodssp.daps.mil. Plains NY 10601-1827, https://www.smpte.org.
E1161 − 21
3.2.4 parallax error effect, n—for the purpose of this detailed how-to procedure and must be supplemented by a
practice, the term “parallax error effect” will refer to a double detailed examination technique/procedure (see 10.1).
image on the radiograph of the device’s internal features such
4.2 This practice does not set limits on radiation dose but
as wires or ball bonds. This is caused by the device being too
does list requirements to limit and document radiation dose to
far from the central X-ray beam where the angle of the X-rays
devices. When radiation dose limits are an issue, the requestor
creates a double image.
of radiographic examinations must be cognizant of this issue
3.2.5 pick-off, n—an automatic film processing artifact
and state any maximum radiation dose limitations that are
wheretinyspotsofemulsionare“pickedoff”oftheradiograph
required in the contractual agreement between the using
as it is moving through the dryer. Pick-off artifacts are
parties.
unacceptable when they show up in the area of interest of a
device because they can be interpreted as extraneous matter
5. Qualification
(foreign material).
5.1 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual
3.2.6 pre-cap, n—prior to capping or encapsulation.
agreement, personnel performing examinations in accordance
with this practice shall be qualified in accordance with a
3.2.7 radiographic quality level, n—the ability of a radio-
nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel quali-
graphic procedure to demonstrate a certain IQI sensitivity.
fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ANST CP-189,
3.3 Abbreviations:
SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, ISO 9712, or a similar document and
3.3.1 AWG—American Wire Gauge
certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.
3.3.2 CEO—Cognizant Engineering Organization. The
Thepracticeorstandardused,anditsapplicablerevision,shall
company, government agency, or other authority responsible
be identified in the contractual agreement between the using
for the design, or end use, of the device(s) for which radio-
parties. When examining devices to DOD requirements (see
graphic examination is required. This, in addition to design
2.6), NAS-410 shall be the required standard.
personnel, may include personnel from electrical engineering,
5.2 Agency Evaluation—If specified in the contractual
material and process engineering, nondestructive testing (usu-
agreement, Nondestructive Testing agencies shall be qualified
ally the certified Radiographic Level 3), or quality groups, as
and evaluated as described in accordance with Specification
appropriate.
E543. The applicable revision of Specification E543 shall be
3.3.3 CNR—Contrast-to-Noise Ratio, as described in Guide
specified in the contractual agreement.
E2007 and Practice E2698.
3.3.4 CR—Computed Radiography
6. Environment and Safety
3.3.5 DDA—Digital DetectorArray. DDAs are described in
6.1 Safety—TheNDTfacilityshallpresentnohazardstothe
Practice E2597/E2597M.
safety of personnel and property. NCRP 144, NCRP 116 may
be used as guides to ensure that radiographic procedures are
3.3.6 DPA—Destructive Physical Analysis
performed so that personnel shall not receive a radiation dose
3.3.7 DR—Digital Radiography
exceeding the maximum safe limits as permitted by city, state,
3.3.8 ESD—Electrostatic Discharge
or national codes.
3.3.9 ESDS—Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive
6.2 Radiographic Exposure Areas—Radiographic exposure
3.3.10 FDD—Focal spot to Detector Distance
areas shall be clean and equipped so that acceptable radio-
graphs may be produced in accordance with the requirements
3.3.11 FFD—Focal spot to Film Distance
of this practice.
3.3.12 FOD—Focal spot to Object Distance (always mea-
6.3 Darkroom—Darkroom facilities, including equipment
sured to the “source side” of the object)
and materials, shall be capable of producing uniform radio-
3.3.13 PIND—Particle Impact Noise Detection
graphs free of blemishes or artifacts, which might interfere
3.3.14 RAD—Radiation Absorbed Dose, the dose causing
with interpretation in the area of interest.
100 ergs of energy to be absorbed by one gram of matter.
6.4 Film Viewing Area—The film viewing room or enclo-
3.3.15 SNR—Signal-to-Noise Ratio, as described in Guides
sure shall be an area with subdued lighting to preclude
E2007 and E2736 or Practice E2737.
objectionablereflectiveglarefromthesurfaceofthefilmunder
3.3.16 TLD—Thermoluminescence Dosimetry
examination.
6.5 Digital Image Viewing Stations—Image viewing sta-
4. Significance and Use
tions shall be arranged in accordance with Practice E2698 to
4.1 This practice establishes the basic minimum parameters exclude any objectionable illuminance that could cause a
andcontrolsfortheapplicationofradiographicexaminationof reflective glare from the display monitor and shall have light
electronicdevices.Factorssuchasdevicehandling,equipment, controls to achieve ambient (background) lighting levels of no
ESDS, materials, personnel qualification, procedure and qual- greater than 30 lux. Ambient light shall be measured at the
ity requirements, reporting, records and radiation sensitivity viewing surface with the display monitor off. Luminance/
are addressed.This practice is written so it can be specified on illuminance light meters are procured and calibrated in accor-
the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a dance with Practice E1742/E1742M, Table 2.
E1161 − 21
7. Equipment 7.4.1.3 Lowintensityfilmviewerssuchasfluorescent14by
17-in.illuminators,shallbeequippedwithdaylightfluorescent
7.1 Different examination system configurations are pos-
bulbs.
sible. It is important that the user understands the advantages
7.4.1.4 All film viewers shall be tested for and posted with
and limitations of each. All radiographic methods shall be
the maximum readable density in accordance with Practice
conducted according to Practice E1742/E1742M.
E1742/E1742M, Figure 2 and subsection 7.27.4.
7.2 Radiation Source—Only X-ray generating equipment
7.4.1.5 Film viewers shall be kept clean and viewing sur-
shallbeused.Suchfactorsasfocalspotsize,inherentfiltration,
faces shall be free of scratches or other defects that will
acceleratingvoltage,andtubecurrentshallbeconsideredwhen
interfere with proper film interpretation.
choosing the proper X-ray source. The X-ray source and
exposure parameters shall not cause damage to the device(s)
7.4.1.6 Magnifiers—Magnifiersshallbeavailabletoprovide
under examination. The suitability of these exposure param- magnification between 6× to 25× to aid in interpretation and
eters shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required
determineindicationsize,asapplicable.Thespecificmagnifier
radiographic quality level and compliance with all other
used should be determined by the interpretation requirements.
requirements stipulated in this practice.
Devices used for determining defect size shall be calibrated as
7.2.1 Focal Spot—The focal spot size shall be such that the
scheduled in
E1742/E1742M.
radiographic quality level specified in 11.3 can be achieved.
7.4.2 Lead-Topped Tables—When performing film
7.2.2 X-raysystemsshallbecharacterizedfortheirradiation
radiography, a lead-topped table with at least 0.062 in. of lead
dose rate using a calibrated dosimeter. The dose rate shall be
shall be used. The lead shall be smooth, and without any
identified at distances to be used during examination so safe
gougesorscratchesthatwillcauseundesirableimageartifacts.
limits can be established to ensure devices under examination
Lead vinyl or lead rubber may be used in lieu of lead. Tape or
are not subject to excessive levels of radiation. Dose rate
otherlow-densitymaterialsusedtocovertheleadtoppedtable
characterization shall be performed with and without filters
shall not be allowed unless directly related to ESD protection.
(see 7.9) to establish best practices between radiographic
7.4.3 Film Holders—Film holders and cassettes shall be
quality levels and total dose during examination.All exposure
lighttight.Theymaybeflexiblevinyl,plastic,orotherdurable
information shall be tracked and recorded in the examination
material. Vacuum cassettes are preferred in order to keep the
record (see 12.1).
device(s)asclosetothefilmaspossible.Thesuitabilityofany
7.3 Non-Film Systems—DDA-based systems and radios-
film holder shall be such as to comply with any special
copy systems designed specifically for the examination of
handling requirements including ESD precautions and their
electronic devices are generally the alternative to film-based
suitability shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required
radiography. Examinations using non-film techniques shall be
radiographic quality level and compliance with all other
in accordance with Practices E1255, E2033,or E2698 or a
requirements stipulated in this practice. Film holders and
non-film specification approved by the CEO as required. Prior
cassettes should be routinely examined for cracks or other
approval shall be obtained from the Radiographic Testing
defects to minimize the likelihood of light leaks.
Level III of the CEO.
7.4.4 Lead Foil Screens—When ESD mats are used on top
7.3.1 The suitability of any film or non-film radiography
of the lead topped exposure table, the film holder shall be
system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required
equipped with a lead foil back screen of adequate thickness to
radiographic quality level and compliance with all other
protect the film from backscatter. Lead foil backing screens
applicable requirements stipulated in this practice.
shall be 0.010 in. minimum thickness. Lead foil screens shall
7.3.2 When specified in the controlling documentation,
be free of blemishes such as cracks, creases, scratches, or
non-film radioscopy systems shall be operated in accordance
foreignmaterialthatwillcauseundesirablenon-relevantimage
with Practice E1255 and qualified in accordance with Practice
artifacts on the radiograph.
E1411. Other types of non-film systems operating procedures
and qualification procedures shall be agreed upon between the 7.4.5 Densitometer—Where film radiography is performed,
using parties. a densitometer shall be available to check film densities. The
7.3.3 For all non-film methods, system suitability shall be
densitometer shall be capable of measuring the light transmit-
determined such that basic spatial resolution is acceptable for
ted through a radiograph with a film density up to the
minimum requirements as defined in Practice E2002.CR
maximum allowed by 11.4 or any higher film densities
systems shall be proven suitable as defined by Practice
determinedsuitableforusebytheCEO.Densitometersshallbe
E2445/E2445M and DDAsystems shall be proven suitable as
operated and calibrated in accordance with Practice E1079.
defined by Practices E2698 and E2737.
7.4.6 Holding Fixtures—Holding fixtures shall be capable
of holding specimens in the required positions without inter-
7.4 Film Radiography Systems:
fering with the accuracy or ease of image interpretation.
7.4.1 Viewers—Viewers used for film interpretations shall
meet the following minimum requirements: Holding fixtures shall not be made of materials that will create
7.4.1.1 The light source shall have sufficient intensity to undesirable secondary radiation that will reduce image clarity.
enable viewing of film densities in the area of interest. Holding fixtures shall be clean of debris that can interfere with
image interpretation by appearing on the radiograph or radio-
7.4.1.2 Film viewers procured to or meeting the require-
ments of Guide E1390 are acceptable for use. logicalimageandbeconfusedwiththatofanydefect.Holding
E1161 − 21
fixtures shall not cause damage to the devices under examina- emulsion film is preferred and required when parallax error
tion and shall be compliant with any special handling require- effects cause double images of very small features (for
ments including ESD precautions. example, interconnecting wires). Radiographic film shall be
7.4.7 Digitizing Techniques—The use of film digitizing free of inherent defects, such as micro-bubbles, that will
techniques is acceptable when approved by the CEO as per interfere with film interpretation or could be confused as
Reference Radiograph E1936. The digital image shall retain defects in the device under examination.
the IQI sensitivity of the original film. 8.2.2 Film Processing Solutions—Radiographsshallbepro-
cessed in solutions specifically formulated for industrial radio-
7.5 Image Quality Indicators (IQIs)—IQIs shall be in ac-
graphic film systems and shall be capable of consistently
cordance with Practice E801. RQIs may be used in place of
producing radiographs that meet the requirements of this
IQIs and shall comply with 7.7.
practice.Thetimeandtemperatureforfilmimmersionshallbe
7.6 Shims—Shims shall be used with IQI’s in order to
within the manufacturer’s recommended range. Film process-
achieve the density requirements in 11.1 and 11.4. Shims shall
ing method shall be validated by CEO as per Guide E999.
be made of stainless steel or radiographically similar material.
8.3 Non-Film Recording Media—The use of recording me-
Definition of radiographically similar IQI material is provided
dium such as CD-ROMs, DVDs, USB drives, and hard disks
in Practice E1742/E1742M.
are allowed, provided the proper image quality can be demon-
7.7 Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)—When RQIs
strated and sufficient data backup strategy used. Media storage
are used in place of IQIs, they shall be similar in construction
and handling, when in accordance with Guides E1453 and
to the device being examined. RQIs may have natural or
E1475, is acceptable for use.
artificial defects similar to those that are expected to occur in
the device being examined or may be of acceptable construc-
9. Precautions
tion with an AWG number 48 (0.001 in.) tungsten wire
9.1 Electrostatic Discharge—Unlessotherwisespecified,all
mountedacrossthebody.RQIsthatconformtoPracticeE1817
devices (except those identified for DPA testing) shall be
are acceptable for use. Details of the design of RQIs and all
treatedasESDS.TheNDTAgencyshallhaveanESDprogram
features that must be demonstrated on the radiographic images
that complies with ANSI/ESD S20.20. ESD protocol shall be
shallbedocumented,andtheserecordsshallbekeptonfileand
used when performing radiological examinations to this prac-
available.
tice. A procedure shall be established and recorded that will
7.8 ESD Equipment—ESD equipment such as ESD moni-
protect the device(s) from ESD damage during radiological
toringsystems,wriststrapsandgroundingcords,labcoats,and
examination. The ESD radiological procedure shall be ap-
ESD work surfaces shall be available to comply with all ESD
proved by the ESD CEO.
precautions and requirements.
9.1.1 When performing examinations on a lead topped
table,thetabletopshallmeettherequirementsforanESDwork
7.9 Filters—Filter material used for X-ray beam hardening
surface.AnapprovedESDmatmaybeusedontheleadtopped
shall have an atomic number (Z) in the range from 29 to 35.
table; however, the film holder shall contain sufficient back
Pure copper (Z=29) or pure Zinc (Z=30) are preferred. Other
screens to protect the film from backscatter as required in
materials may be used when approved by the Radiographic
accordance with 7.4.3.
Level 3 or CEO, or both. Layering of these materials may be
9.1.2 When performing film-based examinations, when the
used as well; however, the order in which the materials are
film holder is not an approved ESD material, the film holder
layered shall be documented in the radiological examination
may be placed in an approved ESD bag such that the device(s)
technique procedure (see 10.1).
are never placed on non-conductive material. Other method-
7.10 Digital Display—When applicable, image display
ologies are allowed when approved by the ESD CEO.
monitors used for interpretation shall meet the requirements as
9.1.3 When performing non-film-based radiology, the sys-
defined in Practices E2033 or E2698. An image display test
temshallbedesignedsuchthatthedevice(s)isneverplacedon
pattern, in accordance with the requirements of SMPTE RP
a non-conductive surface that would violate ESD protocol.
133, shall be configured for the system display resolution and
9.2 Radiation Dose Control—Unlessotherwisespecified,all
aspectratio.Alternatetestpatternsmaybeused,providedthey
silicon-based devices shall be considered radiation sensitive,
include the features described in SMPTE RP 133.
precautions shall be taken to minimize radiation dose during
radiographicexaminationstoreducethepossibilityofradiation
8. Materials
damage. A general rule is that “active” devices are radiation
8.1 ESD Materials—ESD materials such as electrically
sensitive and “passive” devices are not radiation sensitive (for
conductivebags,ESDcomplianttape,andotherESDapproved
example, active device = microcircuit, passive device = trans-
materials shall be available as required to aid in the radio-
former). When in doubt, always treat devices as radiation
graphic examination process an
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1161 − 09 (Reapproved 2014) E1161 − 21
Standard Practice for
RadiologicRadiographic Examination of Semiconductors
and Electronic Components
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice provides the minimum requirements for nondestructive radiologicradiographic examination of semiconductor
devices, microelectronic devices, electromagnetic devices, electronic and electrical devices, and the materials used for construction
of these items.
1.2 This practice covers the radiologicradiographic examination of these items to detect possible defective conditions within the
sealed case, especially those resulting from sealing the lid to the case, and internal defects such as extraneous material (foreign
objects), improper interconnecting wires, voids in the die attach material or in the glass (when sealing glass is used) used), solder
defects, or physical damage.
1.3 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering
organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed
in the purchase order, contract, or inspection technique. Specific applications may require adherence to this practice in part or in
full. Deviations from this practice shall be enumerated in inspection plan and approved by both cognizant engineering organization
and supplier.
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in
this practice.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to the extent specified herein:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2014June 1, 2021. Published July 2014July 2021. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
E1161 – 09.E1161 – 09(2014). DOI: 10.1520/E1161-09R14.10.1520/E1161-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1161 − 21
2.2 ASTM Standards:
E94E94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
E431 Guide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semiconductors and Related Devices
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Examination of Electronic Devices
E666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose From Gamma or X Radiation
E801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Examination of Electronic Devices
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed Industrial Radiographic Films
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing Industrial Radiographs
E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
E1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data
E1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination Data
E1742E1742/E1742M Practice for Radiographic Examination
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
E1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)
E1936 Reference Radiograph for Evaluating the Performance of Radiographic Digitization Systems
E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
E2007 Guide for Computed Radiography
E2033 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Computed Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
E2339 Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE)
E2445/E2445M Practice for Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability of Computed Radiography Systems
E2597E2597/E2597M Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital Detector Arrays
E2698 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
E2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography
E2737 Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability
2.3 ANSI Standards:
ANSI/ESD S20.20 ESD Association Standard for the Development of an Electrostatic Discharge Control Program for Protection
of Electrical and Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment (Excluding Electrically Initiated Explosive Devices)
ANSI/NCSL Z540-3 Requirements for the Calibration of Measuring and Test Equipment
2.4 ASNT Standard:
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
2.5 AIA Documents:Document:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel
2.6 Department of Defense (DOD) Documents:
MIL-PRF-28861 Performance Specification—General Specification for Filters, Filters and Capacitors, Radio Frequency/
Electromagnetic Interference Suppression
MIL-STD-202 Test Method Standard Electronic and Electrical Component Parts
MIL-STD-202, Method 209 Radiographic Inspection
MIL-STD-750 Test Method Standard Test Methods for Semiconductor Devices
MIL-STD-750, Method 2076 RadiographyRadiographic Inspection
MIL-STD-883 Test Method Standard Microcircuits
MIL-STD-883, Method 2012 Radiography
MIL-STD-981 Design, Manufacturing and Quality Standards for Custom Electromagnetic Devices for Space Applications
2.7 Federal Standard:
FED-STD-595 Color (Requirements for Individual Color Chits)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://www.dodssp.daps.mil.
E1161 − 21
2.8 NCRP Documents:
NCRP 116 Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
NCRP 144 Radiation Protection for Particle Accelerator Facilities
2.9 ISO Standard:
ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing – Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
2.10 SMPTE Document:
SMPTE RP 133 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Imaging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and Hard-Copy Recording
Cameras
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions relating to radiologicalradiographic examination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply to
the terms used in this practice.
3.2 Abbreviations:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 controlling documentation, —n—Thethe document or standard that is specified by contractual agreement and lists such items
as the examination requirements, number of views, and acceptance criteria. Controlling documentation may be in the form of a
purchase order, engineering drawing, Military Standard, etc.etc., or a combination thereof.
3.2.2 device(s)—device(s), n—Forfor the purpose of this practice, the term “device” and “devices” shall be used to describe
microcircuits, semiconductors, electromagnetic devices, electronic and electrical component parts. Microcircuits include such
items as, monolithic, multichip and hybrid microcircuits, microcircuit arrays, and the elements from which these circuits are made.
Semiconductors include such items as diodes, transistors, voltage regulators, rectifiers, tunnel diodes, and other related parts.
Electromagnetic devices include such items as transformers, inductors, and coils. Electronic and electrical components include
such items as capacitors, resistors, switches, and relays. This is not an all inclusive all-inclusive list, therefore, the term “device”
or “devices” will be used throughout this practice to refer to the items which are the subject of the radiologicalradiographic
examination process.
3.2.3 micro-bubbles—micro-bubbles, n—Aa film defect where tiny bubbles in the film’s emulsion create white dots on the
processed radiograph. Micro-bubbles are unacceptable when they show up in the area of interest of a device because they can be
interpreted as extraneous matter (foreign material).
3.2.4 parallax error effect—effect, n—Forfor the purpose of this practice, the term “parallax error effect” will refer to a double
image on the radiograph of the device’s internal features such as wires or ball bonds. This is caused by the device being too far
from the central X-ray beam where the angle of the X-rays creates a double image on double emulsion film.image.
3.2.5 pick-off—pick-off, n—Anan automatic film processing artifact where tiny spots of emulsion are “picked off” of the radiograph
as it is moving through the dryer. Pick-off artifacts are unacceptable when they show up in the area of interest of a device because
they can be interpreted as extraneous matter (foreign material).
3.2.6 pre-cap—pre-cap, n—Priorprior to capping or encapsulation.
3.2.7 radiographic quality level, n—the ability of a radiographic procedure to demonstrate a certain IQI sensitivity.
3.3 Abbreviations:
3.3.1 AWG—American Wire Gauge
3.3.2 CEO—Cognizant Engineering Organization. The company, government agency, or other authority responsible for the design,
or end use, of the device(s) for which radiologicalradiographic examination is required. This, in addition to design personnel, may
Available from National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095, https://
ncrponline.org/.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland,
https://www.iso.org.
Available from SMPTE, White Plains Plaza 445 Hamilton Ave STE 601 White Plains NY 10601-1827, https://www.smpte.org.
E1161 − 21
include personnel from electrical engineering, material and process engineering, nondestructive testing (usually the certified
Radiographic Level 3), or quality groups, as appropriate.
3.3.3 CNR—Contrast-to-Noise Ratio, as described in Guide E2007 and Practice E2698.
3.3.4 CR—Computed Radiography
3.3.5 DDA—Digital Detector Array. DDAs are described in Practice E2597E2597/E2597M.
3.3.6 DPA—Destructive Physical Analysis
3.3.7 DR—Digital Radiography
3.3.8 ESD—Electrostatic Discharge
3.3.9 ESDS—Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive
3.3.10 FDD—Focal spot to Detector Distance
3.3.11 FFD—Focal spot to Film Distance
3.3.12 FOD—Focal spot to Object Distance (always measured to the “source side” of the object)
3.3.13 PIND—Particle Impact Noise Detection
3.3.14 RAD—Radiation Absorbed Dose, the dose causing 100 ergs of energy to be absorbed by one gram of mattermatter.
3.3.15 SNR—Signal-to-Noise Ratio, as described in Guides E2007 and E2736 or Practice E2737.
3.3.16 TLD—Thermoluminescence Dosimetry
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice establishes the basic minimum parameters and controls for the application of radiologicalradiographic
examination of electronic devices. Factors such as device handling, equipment, ESDS, materials, personnel qualification,
procedure and quality requirements, reporting, records and radiation sensitivity are addressed. This practice is written so it can be
specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure and must be supplemented
by a detailed examination technique/procedure (see 9.110.1).
4.2 This practice does not set limits on radiation dose,dose but does list requirements to limit and document radiation dose to
devices. When radiation dose limits are an issue, the requestor of radiologicalradiographic examinations must be cognizant of this
issue and state any maximum radiation dose limitations that are required in the contractual agreement between the using parties.
5. Qualification
5.1 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to in accordance with
this practice shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice
or standard such as ANSI/ANST CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, ISO 9712, or a similar document and certified by the employer
or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used, and its applicable revision, shall be identified in the contractual
agreement between the using parties. When examining devices to DOD requirements (see 2.52.6), NAS-410 shall be the required
standard.
5.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Agencies—Agency Evaluation—WhenIf specified in the contractual agreement,
E1161 − 21
Nondestructive Testing agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Practice accordance with Specification E543. The
applicable revision of Specification E543. shall be specified in the contractual agreement.
5.2.1 Safety—The NDT facility shall present no hazards to the safety of personnel and property. NCRP 144, NCRP 116 may be
used as guides to ensure that radiological procedures are performed so that personnel shall not receive a radiation dose exceeding
the maximum safe limits as permitted by city, state, or national codes.
6. Environment and Safety
6.1 Safety—The NDT facility shall present no hazards to the safety of personnel and property. NCRP 144, NCRP 116 may be used
as guides to ensure that radiographic procedures are performed so that personnel shall not receive a radiation dose exceeding the
maximum safe limits as permitted by city, state, or national codes.
6.2 Radiographic Exposure Areas—Radiographic exposure areas shall be clean and equipped so that acceptable radiographs may
be produced in accordance with the requirements of this practice.
6.3 Darkroom—Darkroom facilities, including equipment and materials, shall be capable of producing uniform radiographs free
of blemishes or artifacts, which might interfere with interpretation in the area of interest.
6.4 Film Viewing Area—The film viewing room or enclosure shall be an area with subdued lighting to preclude objectionable
reflective glare from the surface of the film under examination.
6.5 Digital Image Viewing Stations—Image viewing stations shall be arranged in accordance with Practice E2698 to exclude any
objectionable illuminance that could cause a reflective glare from the display monitor and shall have light controls to achieve
ambient (background) lighting levels of no greater than 30 lux. Ambient light shall be measured at the viewing surface with the
display monitor off. Luminance/illuminance light meters are procured and calibrated in accordance with Practice E1742/E1742M,
Table 2.
7. Equipment
7.1 Different examination system configurations are possible. It is important that the user understands the advantages and
limitations of each. All radiographic methods shall be conducted according to Practice E1742/E1742M.
7.2 Radiation Source—Only X-ray generating equipment shall be used. Such factors as focal spot size, inherent filtration,
accelerating voltage, and tube current shall be considered when choosing the proper X-ray source. The X-ray source and exposure
parameters shall not cause damage to the device(s) under examination. The suitability of these exposure parameters shall be
demonstrated by attainment of the required radiologicalradiographic quality level and compliance with all other requirements
stipulated in this practice.
7.2.1 Focal Spot—The focal spot size shall be such that the radiologicalradiographic quality level specified in 10.311.3 can be
achieved.
7.2.2 X-ray systems shall be characterized for their radiation dose rate using a calibrated dosimeter. The dose rate shall be
identified at distances to be used during examination so safe limits can be established to ensure devices under examination are not
subject to excessive levels of radiation. Dose rate characterization shall be performed with and without filters (see 7.9) to establish
best practices between radiographic quality levels and total dose during examination. All exposure information shall be tracked and
recorded in the examination record (see 12.1).
7.3 Non-Film Systems—Radioscopy systems DDA-based systems and radioscopy systems designed specifically for the
examination of electronic devices are generally the alternative to film based radiography. However, DDA based systems may also
be used.film-based radiography. Examinations using non-film techniques shall be in accordance with Practices E1255, E2033, or
E2698 or a non-film specification approved by the CEO as required. Prior approval shall be obtained from the Radiographic Testing
Level III of the CEO.
7.3.1 The suitability of any film or non-film radiologicalradiography system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required
radiologicalradiographic quality level and compliance with all other applicable requirements stipulated in this practice.
E1161 − 21
7.3.2 When specified in the controlling documentation, non-film radioscopy systems shall be operated in accordance with Practice
E1255 and qualified in accordance with Practice E1411. Other types of non-film systems operaatingoperating procedures and
qualification procedures shall be agreed upon between the using parties.
7.3.3 X-ray For all non-film methods, system suitability shall be determined such that basic spatial resolution is acceptable for
minimum requirements as defined in Practice E2002. CR systems shall be characterized for their radiation dose rate usingproven
suitable as defined by Practice E2445/E2445M a calibrated dosimeter. The dose rate shall be identified at distances to be used
duringand DDA systems shall be proven suitable as defined by Practices E2698 examination so safe limits can be established to
ensure devices under examination are not subject to excessive levels of radiation. Dose rate characterization shall be performed
with and E2737without filters (see . 6.13) to establish best practices between radiological quality levels and total dose during
examination. All exposure information shall be tracked and recorded in the examination record (see 11.1).
7.4 Film Viewers—Radiography Systems: Viewers used for film interpretations shall meet the following minimum requirements:
6.3.1 The light source shall have sufficient intensity to enable viewing of film densities in the area of interest.
6.3.2 Film viewers procured to or meeting the requirements of Guide E1390 are acceptable for use.
6.3.3 Low intensity film viewers such as fluorescent 14 by 17-in. illuminators, shall be equipped with daylight fluorescent bulbs.
6.3.4 All film viewers shall be tested for and posted with the maximum readable density in accordance with Practice E1742, Figure
2 and subsection 6.27.4.
7.4.1 Viewers—Film viewers shall be kept clean and viewing surfaces shall be free of scratches or other defects that will interfere
with proper film interpretation.Viewers used for film interpretations shall meet the following minimum requirements:
7.4.1.1 The light source shall have sufficient intensity to enable viewing of film densities in the area of interest.
7.4.1.2 Film viewers procured to or meeting the requirements of Guide E1390 are acceptable for use.
7.4.1.3 Low intensity film viewers such as fluorescent 14 by 17-in. illuminators, shall be equipped with daylight fluorescent bulbs.
7.4.1.4 All film viewers shall be tested for and posted with the maximum readable density in accordance with Practice
E1742/E1742M, Figure 2 and subsection 7.27.4.
7.4.1.5 Film viewers shall be kept clean and viewing surfaces shall be free of scratches or other defects that will interfere with
proper film interpretation.
7.4.1.6 Magnifiers—Magnifiers shall be available to provide magnification between 6× to 25× to aid in interpretation and
determine indication size, as applicable. The specific magnifier used should be determined by the interpretation requirements.
Devices used for determining defect size shall be calibrated as scheduled in E1742/E1742M.
7.4.2 Lead-Topped Tables—When performing film radiography, a lead-topped table with at least 0.062 in. of lead shall be used.
The lead shall be smooth, and without any gouges or scratches that will cause undesirable image artifacts. Lead vinyl or lead rubber
may be used in lieu of lead. Tape or other low-density materials used to cover the lead topped table shall not be allowed unless
directly related to ESD protection.
7.4.3 Film Holders—Film holders and cassettes shall be light tight. They may be flexible vinyl, plastic, or other durable material.
Vacuum cassettes are preferred in order to keep the device(s) as close to the film as possible. The suitability of any film holder
shall be such as to comply with any special handling requirements including ESD precautions and their suitability shall be
demonstrated by attainment of the required radiographic quality level and compliance with all other requirements stipulated in this
practice. Film holders and cassettes should be routinely examined for cracks or other defects to minimize the likelihood of light
leaks.
7.4.4 Lead Foil Screens—When ESD mats are used on top of the lead topped exposure table, the film holder shall be equipped
with a lead foil back screen of adequate thickness to protect the film from backscatter. Lead foil backing screens shall be 0.010
E1161 − 21
in. minimum thickness. Lead foil screens shall be free of blemishes such as cracks, creases, scratches, or foreign material that will
cause undesirable non-relevant image artifacts on the radiograph.
7.4.5 Densitometer—Where film radiography is performed, a densitometer shall be available to check film densities. The
densitometer shall be capable of measuring the light transmitted through a radiograph with a film density up to the maximum
allowed by 11.4 or any higher film densities determined suitable for use by the CEO. Densitometers shall be operated and
calibrated in accordance with Practice E1079.
7.4.6 Holding Fixtures—Holding fixtures shall be capable of holding specimens in the required positions without interfering with
the accuracy or ease of image interpretation. Holding fixtures shall not be made of materials that will create undesirable secondary
radiation that will reduce image clarity. Holding fixtures shall be clean of debris that can interfere with image interpretation by
appearing on the radiograph or radiological image and be confused with that of any defect. Holding fixtures shall not cause damage
to the devices under examination and shall be compliant with any special handling requirements including ESD precautions.
7.4.7 Digitizing Techniques—The use of film digitizing techniques is acceptable when approved by the CEO as per Reference
Radiograph E1936. The digital image shall retain the IQI sensitivity of the original film.
7.5 Holding Fixtures—Image Quality Indicators (IQIs)—Holding fixtures IQIs shall be capable of holding specimens in the
required positions without interfering with thein accordance with Practice E801accuracy or ease of image interpretation. Holding
fixtures shall not be made of materials that will create undesirable secondary radiation that will reduce image clarity. Holding
fixtures shall be clean of debris that can interfere with image interpretation by appearing on the radiograph or radiological image
and be confused with that of any defect. Holding fixtures shall not cause damage to the devices under examination and shall be
compliant . RQIs may be used in place of IQIs and shall comply with 7.7any special handling requirements including ESD
precautions.
6.5 Lead-Topped Tables—When performing film radiography, a lead-topped table with at least 0.062 in. of lead shall be used. The
lead shall be smooth, and with out any gouges or scratches that will cause undesirable image artifacts. Lead vinyl or lead rubber
may be used in lieu of lead. Tape or other low density materials used to cover the lead topped table shall not be allowed unless
directly related to ESD protection.
6.6 Film Holders—Film holders and cassettes shall be light tight. They may be flexible vinyl, plastic, or other durable material.
Vacuum cassettes are preferred in order to keep the device(s) as close to the film as possible. The suitability of any film holder
shall be such as to comply with any special handling requirements including ESD precautions and their suitability shall be
demonstrated by attainment of the required radiological quality level and compliance with all other requirements stipulated in this
practice.
6.7 Lead Foil Screens—When ESD mats are used on top of the lead topped exposure table, the film holder shall be equipped with
a lead foil back screen of adequate thickness to protect the film from backscatter. Lead foil backing screens shall be 0.010 in.
minimum thickness. Lead foil screens shall be free of blemishes such as cracks, creases, scratches or foreign material that will
cause undesirable non-relevant image artifacts on the radiograph.
7.6 Image Quality Indicators (IQIs)—Shims—IQIsShims shall be in accordance used with PracticeIQI’s E801. RQIs may be used
in place of IQIsin order to achieve the density requirements in 11.1 and 11.4shall comply with. Shims shall 6.9be made of stainless
steel or radiographically similar material. Definition of radiographically similar IQI material is provided in Practice E1742/
E1742M.
6.8.1 Shims—Shims shall be used with IQI’s in order to achieve the density requirements in 10.1 and 10.4. Shims shall be made
of stainless steel or radiographically similar material.
7.7 Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)—When RQIs are used in place of IQIs, they shall be similar in construction to the
device being examined. RQIs may have natural or artificial defects similar to those that are expected to occur in the device being
examined,examined or may be of acceptable construction with an AWG number 48 (0.001 in.) tungsten wire mounted across the
body. RQIs that conform to Practice E1817 are acceptable for use. Details of the design of RQIs and all features that must be
demonstrated on the radiologicalradiographic images shall be documented, and these records shall be kept on file and available.
6.10 Densitometer—Where film radiography is performed, a densitometer shall be available to check film densities. The
E1161 − 21
densitometer shall be capable of measuring the light transmitted through a radiograph with a film density up to the maximum
allowed by 10.4 or any higher film densities determined suitable for use by the CEO. Densitometers shall be operated and
calibrated in accordance with Practice E1079.
6.11 Magnifiers—Magnifiers shall be available to provide magnification between 6× to 25× to aid in interpretation and determine
indication size, as applicable.
7.8 ESD Equipment—ESD equipment such as ESD monitoring systems, wrist straps and grounding cords, lab coats, and ESD
work surfaces shall be available to comply with all ESD precautions and requirements.
7.9 Filters—Filter material used for X-ray beam hardening shall have an atomic number (Z) in the range from 29 to 35. Pure
copper (Z=29) or pure Zinc (Z=30) are preferred. Other materials may be used when approved by the Radiographic Level 3 and/or
CEO. or CEO, or both. Layering of these materials may be used as well; however, the order in which the materials are layered
shall be documented in the radiological examination technique procedure (see 9.110.1).
7.10 Digital Display—When applicable, image display monitors used for interpretation shall meet the requirements as defined in
Practices E2033 or E2698. An image display test pattern, in accordance with the requirements of SMPTE RP 133, shall be
configured for the system display resolution and aspect ratio. Alternate test patterns may be used, provided they include the features
described in SMPTE RP 133.
8. Materials
8.1 ESD Materials—ESD materials such as electrically conductive bags, ESD compliant tape, and other ESD approved materials
shall be available as required to aid in the radiologicalradiographic examination process and comply with all ESD handling and
storage requirements.
8.2 Film—Film: Only film systems meeting the Class I (or better) requirements of ASTM E1815 shall be used. Radiographic film
may be single or double emulsion; however, single emulsion film is preferred and required when parallax error effects cause double
images of very small features (for example, interconnecting wires). Radiographic film shall be free of inherent defects, such as
micro-bubbles, that will interfere with film interpretation or could be confused as defects in the device under examination.
8.2.1 Only film systems meeting the Class I (or better) requirements of Test Method E1815 shall be used. Radiographic film may
be single or double emulsion; however, single emulsion film is preferred and required when parallax error effects cause double
images of very small features (for example, interconnecting wires). Radiographic film shall be free of inherent defects, such as
micro-bubbles, that will interfere with film interpretation or could be confused as defects in the device under examination.
8.2.2 Non-Film Recording Media—Film Processing Solutions—The use of recording medium such as CD-ROMs and DVDs are
allowed, provided the proper image clarity and definition can be demonstrated. Media storage and handling, when in accordance
with Guides Radiographs shall be processed in solutions specifically formulated for industrial radiographic film systems and shall
be capable of consistently producing radiographs that meet the requirements of this practice. The time and temperature for film
immersion shall be within the manufacturer’s recommended range. Film processing method shall be validated by CEO as per
Guide E1453E999 and . E1475, is acceptable for use.
8.3 Film Processing Solutions—Non-Film Recording Media—Radiographs shall be processed in solutions specifically formulated
for industrial radiographic film systems and shall be capable of consistently producing radiographs that meet the requirements of
this practice. The time and temperature for film immersion shall be withinThe use of recording medium such as CD-ROMs, DVDs,
USB drives, and hard disks are allowed, provided the proper image quality can be demonstrated and sufficient data backup strategy
used. Media storage and handling, when in accordance with Guides E1453 theand E1475manufacturer’s recommended range., is
acceptable for use.
9. Precautions
9.1 Electrostatic Discharge—Unless otherwise specified, all devices (except those identified for DPA testing) shall be treated as
ESDS. The NDT Agency shall have an ESD program that complies with ANSI/ESD S20.20. ESD protocol shall be used when
performing radiological examinations to this practice. A procedure shall be established and recorded that will protect the device(s)
from ESD damage during radiological examination. The ESD radiological procedure shall be approved by the ESD CEO.
E1161 − 21
9.1.1 When performing examinations on a lead topped table, the table top tabletop shall meet the requirements for an ESD work
surface. An approved ESD mat may be used on th
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