ASTM D2111-02(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity and Density of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures
Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity and Density of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The density or specific gravity of a pure chlorinated solvent at a given temperature is constant. Density or specific gravity can be used in identification of materials, the assay of binary mixtures, and as an indication of purity of a given solvent.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of halogenated organic solvents and solvent admixtures. They define suitable apparatus and procedures and furnish details underlying the interpretation of test data and the selection of numerical limits for agreement among interested persons and agencies.
1.2 Three methods are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Method A specific gravity by means of a hydrometer.
1.2.2 Method B specific gravity and density by means of a pycnometer.
Note 1—In referee problems, Method B may be used.
1.2.3 Method C specific gravity and density by means of an electronic densitometer.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D2111 – 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Methods for
Specific Gravity and Density of Halogenated Organic
Solvents and Their Admixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1.1 Discussion—When the temperature of the material
and of the water are the same, the specific gravity of the
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
material is expressed as follows:
specific gravity of halogenated organic solvents and solvent
admixtures.Theydefinesuitableapparatusandproceduresand Specificgravity x/x°C,example25/25°C (1)
furnishdetailsunderlyingtheinterpretationoftestdataandthe
When the temperature of the material and of the water are not the
selection of numerical limits for agreement among interested
same, the specific gravity of the material is expressed as follows:
persons and agencies.
Specificgravity x/y°C,example20/4°C (2)
1.2 Three methods are covered as follows:
Notethatwhenthedensityofwaterisexpressedas4°C,thespecific
1.2.1 Method A, specific gravity by means of a hydrometer.
gravity at the stated temperature is the same as density at the stated
1.2.2 Method B, specific gravity and density by means of a
temperature. For example, SG 20/4°C = density at 20°C.
Whenusinganelectronicdensitometertodeterminespecificgravity,
pycnometer.
thetemperatureofthematerialtobetestedandthewaterreferencewill
NOTE 1—In referee problems, Method B may be used.
be the same. Examples 25/25°C, 20/20°C.
1.2.3 MethodC,specificgravityanddensitybymeansofan
3.1.2 density—themassofagivenmaterialperunitvolume.
electronic densitometer.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Densityforchlorinatedsolventsisnor-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
mally stated in grams per cubic centimetre. Pounds per gallon
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is also commonly used.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The density or specific gravity of a pure chlorinated
solvent at a given temperature is constant. Density or specific
2. Referenced Documents
gravity can be used in identification of materials, the assay of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
binary mixtures, and as an indication of purity of a given
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
solvent.
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
5. Test Temperatures
3. Terminology
5.1 ASTM specifications normally state the temperatures
3.1 Definitions:
forspecificgravityofhalogenatedorganicsolventsat25/25°C.
3.1.1 specificgravity—theratioofthemassinairofagiven
20/20°C and 60/60°F are other commonly used temperatures.
volumeofthematerialatastatedtemperaturetothemassinair
of an equal volume of distilled water at a stated temperature. METHOD A—SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY MEANS
OFA HYDROMETER
1 6. Apparatus
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D26 on
Halogenated Organic Solvents and Fire Extinguishing Agents and are the direct
6.1 Hydrometer—Thehydrometerstobeusedshallbethose
responsibility of Subcommittee D26.04 on Test Methods.
specified in Specification E100, as follows:
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originally
Nominal Specific Gravity Range ASTM Hydrometer No.
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D2111–02. DOI:
0.900 to 0.950 107H
10.1520/D2111-02R07.
0.950 to 1.000 108H
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1.000 to 1.050 125H
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1.050 to 1.100 126H
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1.100 to 1.150 127H
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2111 – 02 (2007)
8.2 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the temperature 6
1.150 to 1.200 128H
1.200 to 1.250 129H
0.5°C during the test.
1.250 to 1.300 130H
8.3 Thermometer— An ASTM Low Softening Point Ther-
1.300 to 1.350 131H
1.350 to 1.400 132H mometerhavingarangefrom−2to+80°Candconformingto
1.400 to 1.450 133H
the requirements forThermometer 15C as prescribed in Speci-
1.450 to 1.500 134H
fication E1.
1.500 to 1.550 135H
1.550 to 1.600 136H
8.4 Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of 60.1 mg.
1.600 to 1.650 137H
6.2 Hydrometer Cylinder—The vessel in which the sample
9. Procedure—Specific Gravity
for the gravity test is confined shall be made of clear glass and
9.1 Clean the pycnometer by filling it with a saturated
shall be cylindrical in shape. For convenience in pouring, it
solution of chromic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid allowing
may have a lip on the rim.The inside diameter shall be at least
it to stand for a few hours, emptying, and rinsing well with
25.0 mm (1.0 in.) greater than the outside diameter of the
distilled or deionized water.
hydrometer used in it. The height of the cylinder shall be such
9.2 Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled distilled or
thatthelengthofthecolumnofsampleitcontainsisgreaterby
deionizedwaterthathasbeencooledto2or3°Cbelowthetest
at least 25.0 mm than the portion of the hydrometer that is
temperature. Place it in the water bath maintained at the test
immersed beneath the surface of the sample after a state of
temperature until the pycnometer and its contents are at a
equilibrium has been reached.
constant volume.
6.3 Thermometer— An ASTM Gravity Thermometer hav-
9.3 After immersion in the bath for at least 30 min, adjust
ing a range from−20 to+102°C and conforming to the
the level of liquid to the proper point on the pycnometer, put
requirements for Thermometer 12C as prescribed in Specifi-
the stopper in place, remove from the bath, wipe dry, and
cation E1.
weigh. Care should be taken to avoid touching the pycnometer
6.4 Water Bath, capable of maintaining the test temperature
with bare hands due to weight changes that will occur from
6 0.5°C during the test.
picking up moisture and oils. Record the weight as W .
7. Procedure
9.4 Empty the pycnometer, rinse successively with alcohol
or acetone, remove the vapor of the solvent by purging with
7.1 Cool the sample in the original container to about 1°C
clean,dryairornitrogen,immerseinthebath,andbringtothe
belowthetesttemperature.Rinseeachpieceofequipmentwith
testtemperatureaswasdonebefore.Afterimmersionatthetest
a portion of the sample. Pour the sample into the clean
temperature for at least 30 min, put the stopper in place,
hydrometer cylinder without splashing, so as to avoid forma-
remove from the bath, wipe dry, and weigh. Record the weight
tion of air bubbles. Remove any air bubbles adhering to the
as W .
surface by touching them with a piece of clean filter paper.
Select a location that is free of air currents. Place the cylinder 9.5 Subtract the weight of the empty pychometer from the
vertically in the water bath and let the temperature of the weight when filled with water in order to get the weight of the
sample reach the test temperature as follows: Stir the contents contained water at the test temperature in air. The difference
ofthecylinder,beingcarefultoavoidformationofairbubbles. W=W−W .
1 2
When the temperature of the sample is 0.5°C below the test
9.6 Cool the sample to 2 or 3°C below the test temperature,
temperature, slowly and carefully lower the hydrometer into
fill the pycnometer with it, immerse in the bath, and bring to
the sample to a level two smallest scale divisions below that at
thetesttemperatureaswasdonebefore.Afterimmersionatthe
whichitwillfloat,andthenreleasethehydrometer.Afterithas
test temperature for at least 30 min, adjust the liquid level, put
come to rest and floats freely away from the walls of the
the stopper in place, remove from the bath, wipe dry, and
cylinder, read the gravity as the point at which the surface of
weigh. Record the temperature as S
the sample apparently cuts the hydrometer scale.
9.7 Subtract the weight of the empty pycnometer from the
7.2 When the sample is at the test temperature, make this
weight when filled with the sample in order to obtain the
observation by placing the eye slightly below the level of the
weight of the contained sample. The differenceS=S−W .
1 2
liquid and slowly raise the eye until the surface of the sample
first seen as a distorted ellipse seems to become a straight line
10. Calculation
cuttingthehydrometerscale.Determinethetemperatureofthe
10.1 Calculate the specific gravity (in air) as follows:
sample just before and also, for referee tests, just after reading
the hydrometer. Specificgravity T/T 5 S/W (3)
where:
METHOD B—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OR DENSITY BY
T = test temperature
MEANS OFA PYCNOMETER
10.2 Material specifications often specify different tempera-
8. Apparatus
tures at which specific gravity shall be measured. In order to
8.1 Pycnometer, 25-mL capacity with a ground-glass stop- convert to any selected temperature, the coefficient of cubical
per having a capillary opening, a chamber to provide for expansion for the material being tested must be used
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