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ASTM D2838-18

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting

Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As a result of the manufacturing process, internal stresses are locked into the film and these can be released by heating.
Note 3: For any given type of film or sheeting, the temperatures at which shrinkage will begin are related to processing techniques employed to manufacture the film and also may be related to a phase transition in the base resin.  
5.2 Shrink tension affects the appearance and performance of a film in a shrink-packaging application. It is also used to determine the degree and direction of orientation. The orientation exerts a great influence upon important physical characteristics such as tensile strength, stiffness, tear resistance, and impact strength.  
5.3 Data from Procedure A are most useful for determining the degree and direction of orientation, orientation release stress, and the maximum force that the film can exert at a given temperature.  
5.4 Since, in actual applications, film is seldom, if ever, totally restrained, data from Procedure B are useful in estimating the force an item to be packaged will actually receive and in predicting the appearance of packaged items.  
5.5 The characterization of shrink tension as a function of temperature, and the resultant determination of orientation release stress and its corresponding temperature, is usually carried out only for a particular material of specified thickness for a defined fabrication process. For product development purposes, quality control and determination of conformity be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM material specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 of Classification Systems D4000 lists the ASTM material specifications that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrink tension and related characteristics, that is, shrink force and orientation release stress, of heat-shrinkable plastic film and sheeting of less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) thickness. Two procedures are described that permit the measurement of shrink forces at predetermined temperatures. They are as follows:  
1.1.1 Procedure A is designed to measure the maximum force exerted by a specimen that is totally restrained from shrinking as it is heated rapidly to a specific temperature.  
1.1.2 Procedure B is designed to measure the maximum force exerted by a specimen that is permitted to shrink a predetermined amount prior to restraint while being heated rapidly to a specific temperature.  
1.2 Orientation release stress can be determined from the data obtained using Procedure A.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 µm (0.010 in.).
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2018
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.19 - Film, Sheeting, and Molded Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D883-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Jan-2020
Refers
ASTM D883-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2019
Refers
ASTM D883-19c - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Aug-2019
Refers
ASTM D883-19a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
15-Apr-2019
Refers
ASTM D6287-17 - Standard Practice for Cutting Film and Sheeting Test Specimens
Effective Date
15-Dec-2017
Refers
ASTM D883-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
15-Aug-2017
Refers
ASTM D883-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2018
Refers
ASTM D883-18a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Dec-2018
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
01-Apr-2018
Referred By
ASTM D2673-14(2022) - Standard Specification for Oriented Polypropylene Film
Effective Date
01-Apr-2018

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ASTM D2838-18 - Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin SheetingASTM D2838-18 - Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting
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ASTM D2838-18 - Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2838 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic
1
Film and Thin Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2838; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrink
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
tension and related characteristics, that is, shrink force and
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
orientation release stress, of heat-shrinkable plastic film and
D4000Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
sheeting of less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) thickness. Two
als
proceduresaredescribedthatpermitthemeasurementofshrink
D5947Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
forces at predetermined temperatures. They are as follows:
Plastics Specimens
1.1.1 Procedure A is designed to measure the maximum
D6287Practice for Cutting Film and Sheeting Test Speci-
force exerted by a specimen that is totally restrained from
mens
shrinking as it is heated rapidly to a specific temperature.
D6988GuideforDeterminationofThicknessofPlasticFilm
1.1.2 Procedure B is designed to measure the maximum
Test Specimens
force exerted by a specimen that is permitted to shrink a
E2251Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
predetermined amount prior to restraint while being heated
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
rapidly to a specific temperature.
1.2 Orientation release stress can be determined from the 3. Terminology
data obtained using Procedure A.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 orientation release stress, n—the maximum shrink
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
tension developed by a film in a specified direction throughout
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
its range of shrink temperatures while totally restrained from
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
shrinking.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 shrink force, n—the force per original unit width
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
developed by a film in a specified direction and at a specified
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
temperature in its attempt to shrink while under restraint.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 shrink tension, n—the force per original average
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal
cross-sectionalareadevelopedbyafilminaspecifieddirection
thickness not greater than 0.25 µm (0.010 in.).
and at a specified temperature in its attempt to shrink while
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.
under restraint.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2 Definitions:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
to Terminology D883.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4. Summary of Test Method
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 A 25.4-mm (1-in.) wide strip of film or sheeting is
clampedinthearmsofashrinktensionholder(seeFig.1),one
armofwhichcontainsastraingage.Theholderisimmersedin
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and
Molded Products.
2
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ɛ1
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2838-09 , which contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
was withdrawn January 2018 and reinstated in April 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D7399- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
18. DOI: 10.1520/D2838-18. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2838 − 18
FIG. 1 Design for Shrink Tension Holder
a hot bath and the force exerted by the film is measured by the 5.4 Since, i
...

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This specification covers nonrigid, unsupported vinyl chloride plastic film and sheeting in which the resin portion of the composition contains at least 90 % vinyl chloride. The remaining 10 % may include one or more monomers copolymerized with vinyl chloride, or consist of other resins mechanically blended together with poly(vinyl chloride) or copolymers thereof. The film and sheeting covered herein shall be 0.075 to 0.25 mm (3 to 10 mils) in thickness for film and greater than 0.25 mm in thickness for sheet, and shall include the stabilizers and plasticizers necessary to meet the requirements of this specification. The material may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, and may be plain, printed, embossed, or otherwise surface treated. This specification designates three general-purpose types of vinyl chloride film and sheeting - calendered, extruded, and cast. The materials shall be tested for its tensile strength and elongation at rapture, tear resistance, volatile loss, water extraction, low temperature impact, burning rate, shrinkage, and color fastness to rubbing.
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1.1 This specification covers nonrigid, unsupported vinyl chloride plastic film and sheeting in which the resin portion of the composition contains at least 90 % vinyl chloride. The remaining 10 % can include one or more monomers copolymerized with vinyl chloride, or consist of other resins mechanically blended together with poly(vinyl chloride) or copolymers thereof.  
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1.1 This test method for resistance of plastic films to chemicals covers the measurement of the weight loss of film after immersion in chemicals.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2: Film is defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.), in accordance with Terminology D883.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in other units are nominal values given for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1709-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Methods A and B are used to establish the weight of the dart when 50 % of the specimens fail under the conditions specified. Data obtained by one test method cannot be compared directly with the other test method nor with those obtained from tests employing different conditions of missile velocity, impinging surface diameter, effective specimen diameter, material construction and finish of the dart head, and film thickness. The values obtained by these test variables are highly dependent on the method of film fabrication.  
4.2 The results obtained by Test Methods A and B are greatly influenced by the quality of film under test. The confidence limits of data obtained by this procedure can, therefore, vary significantly, depending on the sample quality, uniformity of film gage, die marks, contaminants, etc.  
4.3 Test Methods A and B have been found useful for specification purposes.  
Note 4: With sufficient data, correlation between test results and field performance can usually be established.  
4.4 The impact resistance of plastic film, while partly dependent on thickness, has no simple correlation with sample thickness. Hence, impact values cannot be normalized over a range of thickness without producing misleading data as to the actual impact resistance of the material. Data from these test methods are comparable only for specimens that vary by no more than ±25 % from the nominal or average thickness of the specimens tested.  
4.5 Several impact test methods are used for film. It is sometimes desirable to know the relationships among test results derived by different test methods. A study was conducted in which four films made from two resins (polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene), with two film thicknesses for each resin, were impacted using Test Methods D1709 (Method A), D3420 (Procedures A and B), and D4272. The test results are shown in the Appendix. Differences in results between Test Methods D1709 and D4272 are not unusual since...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the energy that causes plastic film to fail under specified conditions of impact of a free-falling dart. This energy is expressed in terms of the weight (mass) of the missile falling from a specified height which would result in 50 % failure of specimens tested.  
1.2 Two test methods are described:  
1.2.1 Test Method A employs a dart with a 38.10 ± 0.13-mm (1.500 ± 0.005-in.) diameter hemispherical head dropped from a height of 0.66 ± 0.01 m (26.0 ± 0.4 in.). This test method can be used for films whose impact resistances require masses of about 50 g to about 6 kg to fracture them.  
1.2.2 Test Method B employs a dart with a 50.80 ± 0.13-mm (2.000 ± 0.005-in.) diameter hemispherical head dropped from a height of 1.52 ± 0.03 m (60.0 + 0.25, −1.70 in.). Its range of applicability is from about 0.3 kg to about 6 kg.  
1.3 Two testing techniques are described:  
1.3.1 The standard technique is the staircase method. By this technique, the missile weight employed during the test is decreased or increased by uniform increments after the testing of each specimen, depending upon the result (fail or not fail) observed for the specimen.  
1.3.2 The alternative technique provides for testing specimens in successive groups of ten. One missile weight is employed for each group and the missile weight is varied in uniform increments from group to group.  
1.3.3 The staircase technique and the alternative technique give equivalent results both as to the values of impact failure weight which are obtained and as to the precisions with which they are determined.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: Tests on materials that do not break, for any reason, are not considered to be valid. It has been noted that certain materials may stretch so far as to bottom out at the base of certain ...

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