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ASTM D2700-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number except that this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates. The sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.
1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motor octane number range.
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pounds units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 13.4.1, 14.5.1, 15.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jan-2007
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.01 - Combustion Characteristics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2700-06 - Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D2700-07a - Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7320-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIG, Spark-Ignition Engine
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7719-21a - Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4814-23 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D1094-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8340-22 - Standard Practice for Performance-Based Qualification of Spectroscopic Analyzer Systems
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8076-21b - Standard Specification for 100 Research Octane Number Test Fuel for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6709-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence VIII Spark-Ignition Engine (CLR Oil Test Engine)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6227-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8275-22 - Standard Specification for Gasoline-like Test Fuel for Compression-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2885-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Comparison Technique
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D1310-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2699-23 - Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8291-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Performance of Automotive Engine Oils in the Mitigation of Low-Speed, Preignition in the Sequence IX Gasoline Turbocharged Direct-Injection, Spark-Ignition Engine
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007

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ASTM D2700-07 - Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 2700 – 07
Designation: 236/87
Standard Test Method for
1
Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific
hazard statements, see Section 8, 13.4.1, 14.5.1, 15.6.1,Annex
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative
A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1,
determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition
X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8.
engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number except that this
test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components
2. Referenced Documents
2
that are primarily oxygenates. The sample fuel is tested in a
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable com-
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
pression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with
D 1744 Test Method for Water in Liquid Petroleum Prod-
a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale
4
ucts by Karl Fischer Reagent
is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference
D 2268 Test Method forAnalysis of High-Purity n-Heptane
fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to
and Isooctane by Capillary Gas Chromatography
that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane
D 2360 Test Method for Trace Impurities in Monocyclic
number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the
Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography
knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of
number.
Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120
D 2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number
octane number, but this test method has a working range from
of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Com-
40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced
parison Technique
for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90
D 3703 Test Method for Peroxide Number of Aviation
Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels pro-
Turbine Fuels
duced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks
Petroleum Products
orotherprocessstreammaterialscanproduceratingsatvarious
D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
levels throughout the Motor octane number range.
Products, and Lubricants
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the
Petroleum Products
historical inch-pounds units. The standardized CFR engine
D 4814 SpecificationforAutomotiveSpark-IgnitionEngine
measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because
Fuel
oftheextensiveandexpensivetoolingthathasbeencreatedfor
D 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for
this equipment.
Volatility Measurement
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E 344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
etry
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E 542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric
Apparatus
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.
3
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2007. Published February 2007. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 2700–06. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Research octane number, determined using Test Method D 2699, is a compan- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ion method to provide a similar but typically higher octane rating under milder the ASTM website.
4
operating conditions. Withdrawn.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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