ASTM D4749-87(2002)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and Designating Coal Size
Standard Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and Designating Coal Size
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the sieve analysis of coal and designating the size of coal from sieve analysis data. Raw as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned or screened) coals can be tested by this test method.
1.2 This test method explains how to designate coal sizes from the results of sieve analysis data in order to represent the condition of the coal as sold. In the case of special mixtures or coals with noncontinuous ranges of sizes, a sufficiently complete sieve analysis must be made to properly describe the size distribution.
1.3 This test method is not applicable for determining the sieve analysis nor for designating the size of pulverized coal. Size fractions down to and including 38 m (No. 400 U.S.A. Standard Series) can be treated by the methods discussed in this test method. Methods for handling size fractions below 38 m (No. 400) will be developed by this committee.
1.4 The values stated in metric units shall be regarded as standard. The values shown in parentheses are provided for information only. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D4749–87(Reapproved2002)
Standard Test Method for
Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and Designating Coal
Size
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4749; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
e NOTE—Section 2 and Section 10.1 were editorially corrected in August 2004.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
sieve analysis of coal and designating the size of coal from D197 Test Method for Sampling and Fineness Test of
sieve analysis data. Raw as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned Pulverized Coal
or screened) coals can be tested by this test method. D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke
1.2 This test method explains how to designate coal sizes Samples for Laboratory Analysis
from the results of sieve analysis data in order to represent the D388 Classification of Coals by Rank
condition of the coal as sold. In the case of special mixtures or D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
coals with noncontinuous ranges of sizes, a sufficiently com- D2234 Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample of Coal
plete sieve analysis must be made to properly describe the size D3302 Test Method for Total Moisture in Coal
distribution. D4371 TestMethodforDeterminingtheWashabilityChar-
1.3 This test method is not applicable for determining the acteristics of Coal
sieve analysis nor for designating the size of pulverized coal. E11 Specification for Wire-Cloth and Sieves for Testing
Size fractions down to and including 38 µm (No. 400 U.S.A. Purposes
Standard Series) can be treated by the methods discussed in E323 Specification for Perforated-Plate Sieves for Testing
this test method. Methods for handling size fractions below 38 Purposes
µm (No. 400) will be developed by this committee. 2.2 Other Document:
1.4 The values stated in metric units shall be regarded as Specification C-80 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, De-
standard. The values shown in parentheses are provided for partmentofGeneralServices,BureauofPurchases,Speci-
information only.The values stated in each system may not be fication for Coal:Anthracite
exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used inde-
3. Descriptions of Terms Specific to this Standard
pendently of the other, without combining values in any way.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1 as-mined coal—same as ROM coal (3.8).
3.2 as-shipped or produced coal—raw or prepared coal in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- any state or condition at which it leaves the mine property or
loading facility.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.3 bottomsize, nominal—the sieve designating the lower
limit or bottomsize shall be that sieve of the series given in
Section 6 with the largest openings through which passes a
total of less than 15% of the sample. This defined bottomsize
is not to be confused with the size of the smallest particles in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on Physical For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Characteristics of Coal. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Nov. 27, 1987. Published January 1988. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
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published as D4749–87. Last previous edition D4749–87 (1994) . the ASTM website.
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For powdered or pulverized coal as is fired into steam boilers, refer to Method Available from Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of General Services,
D197. Bureau of Purchases, 414 N. Office Building, Harrisburg, PA 17125.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4749–87 (2002)
the lot. (Warning—In the case of a commercial, double- standard. Raw, as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned, or
1 3
screened product, for example, 37.5 by 9.5 mm (1 ⁄2 by ⁄8 in.), screened), coals can be tested by this test method.
this designation may not be valid. In such commercial or 4.2 This test method is applicable for all types of coals,
contractual situations, the amount of allowable material except for pulverized coals (see Method D197) such as fed
smaller than the bottomsize (for example, 9.5 mm) must be into steam boilers. Low rank coals, that is, lignites, subbitu-
specified by the contract under which the coal is bought and minous, and high volatile bituminous C, must be dried with
sold.) cautionandhandledwithcaretominimizedeteriorationorsize
3.4 dry sieving—for the purposes of this test method, the degradation during sieving.
test method for the sieving of coal after the sample has been 4.3 This test method is applicable for the wet or dry-sieving
air-dried under prescribed conditions; this is generally used of coal at sizes from 200 mm (8 in.) to 38 µm (No. 400 U.S.A.
when testing with coal particles larger than 600 µm. (No. 30 Standard). Methods for sizing materials below 38 µm are
U.S.A. Standard Sieve Series.) outside the scope of this test method.
3.5 opening—for the purpose of this test method, openings
NOTE 1—Thesizingofmaterialthatpassesthe38µmsieveisnormally
and apertures shall be regarded as synonomous terms. Dimen-
performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation, centrifugation, light
sions for round and square openings shall be determined as
scattering or obfuscation, surface area measurement, or other such
follows: for round holes, dimensions shall refer to the opening
methods. Subsieve techniques are also used sometimes.
diameter; for square holes, dimensions shall refer to the
4.4 This test method also concerns the designation of a coal
distance between parallel wires.
sample as to its upper (nominal top-size) and lower (nominal
3.6 prepared coal—any coal, regardless of its topsize, that
bottom-size)limitingsizesforthepurposeofcharacterizingthe
hasbeenmanuallyormechanicallycleaned.Thisincludescoal
material for further processing or for commercial purposes.
that has been processed over a picking table or air tables,
This is covered in Part B of this test method.Anthracite coal is
through a breaker, jig, or other device which segregates
further designated by a one word descriptive term (see 14.4).
according to size or density (specific gravity).
4.5 Enough material may not be collected by this test
3.7 raw coal—any coal, regardless of its topsize, that has
method to meet subsequent test procedures, such as washabil-
not been manually or mechanically cleaned. Crushed coal that
ity analyses (Test Method D4371).
has not been mechanically cleaned (including coal that has not
PART A. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COAL
been through a breaker which normally rejects oversize) is
considered to be raw coal. Coal delivered to the surface from
5. Apparatus
an underground mine is considered to be raw coal even when
5.1 Sieves:
crushing and grinding is done underground. Coal removed
5.1.1 Wire Cloth Sieves:
fromthepitofasurfacemineisconsideredtoberawcoaleven
5.1.1.1 Standard test sieves that conform to Specification
when breaking and crushing facilities are provided in the pit.
E11 shall always be used.
3.8 run-of-mine(ROM)coal—inthecaseofanunderground
5.1.1.2 Formostsievetests,wherethelargestparticleinthe
mine, it is that coal delivered to the surface by a slope belt,
sample does not exceed 25 mm (1 in.), standard 203-mm
hoist,etc.Inthecaseofasurfacemine,itisthatcoalasitexists
(8-in.) diameter, 50-mm (2-in.) deep sieves or sieves with
afterithasbeenremovedfromthepitandplacedintotheinitial
larger diameters (for example 300 mm (12 in.) or 450 mm (18
means of transportation whether it be an on-the-road or
in.)) are recommended. For special cases, and with small
off-the-roadhaultruck,dumphopperwhichfeedsapit-to-plant
samples,75-mm(3-in.)and150-mm(6-in.)diametersievesare
conveyor, etc. For both underground and surface mines, ROM
available.
coal is as-mined and has not been exposed to any treatment
5.1.1.3 Standard test sieves shall be made from either brass
such as breaking, crushing, or cleaning except for that done by
or stainless steel frames and either brass, phosphor bronze, or
thenormaloperationsusedtoextractthecoalfromtheground,
stainless steel cloth.
that is, blasting, ripping, loading, cutting, etc.
5.1.1.4 In general, these square mesh sieves are used when
3.9 topsize, nominal—the sieve designating the upper limit
sizing with sieves with openings smaller than 6.3 mm ( ⁄4 in.).
or topsize shall be that sieve of the series given in Section 6
U.S.A. Standard Sieve Designations shall be used.
withthesmallestopeningsuponwhichiscumulativelyretained
5.1.1.5 For more complete details of standard test sieves,
a total of less than 5% of the sample. This defined topsize is
including methods of checking and calibrating the sieves, see
nottobeconfusedwiththesizeofthelargestparticleinthelot.
SpecificationE11.
3.10 wet sieving—for the purposes of this test method, the
5.1.2 Perforated Plate Sieves:
testmethodforthesievingofcoalthatuseswaterasamedium
5.1.2.1 Perforated plate sieves, made to conform to Speci-
forfacilitatingthesegregationofthesampleintoparticlesizes;
fication E323, are available with square apertures from 125
this is generally used when testing coal particles 600 µm (No.
mm (5 in.) to 3.36 mm (0.132 in.) and with staggered round
30 U.S.A. Standard Series) or smaller.
apertures from 125 mm (5 in.) to 1 mm (0.038 in.). The sizes
4. Significance and Use
of successive apertures in the series follow the same ratio as in
4.1 This test method concerns the sieving of coal into SpecificationE11 for sieves.
designated size fractions for the purpose of characterizing the 5.1.2.2 Standard frames for perforated plate sieves with
materialastoitsparticlesizedistributionforfurtherprocessing apertures4.00mmandlargeraremadeofhardwoodorsteelto
or for commercial purposes. This is covered in Part A of this hold 300-mm (12-in.), 400-mm (16-in.), or 450-mm (18-in.)
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D4749–87 (2002)
square sieve plates. For apertures smaller than 4.00 mm, upon the degree of inclination, the throw of the sieves, and the
203-mm (8-in.) circular frames as well as the above larger frequency of mechanical action. The various size fractions are
square frames may be used. collected in individual containers in a continuous stream.
5.1.2.3 In general, round hole sieves with staggered open-
ings are used when sizing with sieves with opening diameters 6. Standard Series of Sieves
of 6.3 mm ( ⁄4 in.) or larger.
6.1 Crushed Bituminous, Subbituminous, and Lignitic
5.1.2.4 Where perforated sieves and wire cloth sieves are
Coals:
usedinthesametest(forexample,inananalysisfrom125mm
6.1.1 For crushed bituminous, subbituminous, and lignitic
(5 in.) to 250 µm (No. 60)) or where results with perforated
coals, the standard series of sieves shall utilize round-hole
sieves are to be compared with results with wire cloth sieves,
perforatedplatesievesforsieveswithopeningdiametersof6.3
it is better to use only square aperture sieves. 1
mm ( ⁄4 in.) or larger and wire-cloth (U.S.A. Standard) sieves
withsquareopeningsforsieveswithopeningssmallerthan6.3
NOTE 2—This action should be taken primarily while performing
mm ( ⁄4 in.).
sieving analyses on noncommercial samples, as, for instance, in prepara-
tion plant component studies (see 6.5.1). In commerce, mixed series are 6.1.2 For the purpose of simplifying communication be-
still customary (see 6.1.1 and 6.3.1).
tweenconcernedparties,thefollowingseriesofsievesshallbe
considered as the standard series for crushed bituminous,
5.1.2.5 Results with a given square aperture and with the
subbituminous and lignitic coals:
same diameter round aperture are not compatible. Therefore,
all reports of sieve analysis data are incomplete without
designation as to the type of sieves employed (round or square Round Hole Perforated Plate Sieves
openings).
200 mm (8 in.) 37.5 mm (1 ⁄2 in.)
5.1.2.6 Aperture sizes of some sieves for anthracitic coal
150 mm (6 in.) 31.5 mm (1 ⁄4 in.)
125 mm (5 in.) 25.0 mm (1 in.)
(6.3.2.1) do not conform to Specification E323.
100 mm (4 in.) 19.0 mm ( ⁄4 in.)
5.2 Mechanical Sieve Shaker:
75 mm (3 in.) 12.5 mm ( ⁄2 in.)
5.2.1 Mechanical sieve shakers are used in practically all 1 3
63 mm (2 ⁄2 in.) 9.5 mm ( ⁄8 in.)
laboratories where frequent tests are made. They not only 50 mm (2 in.) 6.3 mm ( ⁄4 in.)
eliminate tedious hand labor, but, when properly used, will
Wire Cloth (U.S.A. Standard) Sieves with Square Openings
produce more consistent results than hand sieving. They can,
4.75 mm (No. 4) 300 µm (No. 50)
however, result in excessive sample degradation when proper
2.36 mm (No. 8) 150 µm (No. 100)
precautions are not taken.Therefore it is important to establish
1.18 mm (No. 16) 75 µm (No. 200)
and to monitor the sieving amplitude and the sieving time.
600 µm (No. 30) 38 µm (No. 400)
5.2.2 There are several general types of mechanical sieve
6.1.3 For crushed bituminous, subbituminous, and lignitic
shakers. One type is designed to simulate hand sieving by
coals, an alternate standard series of sieves can utilize square-
using a circular motion combined with a tapping action. This
hole perforated plate or steel-wire sieves for sieves with
type of mechanical sieve shaker is acceptable.
openings of 6.3 mm ( ⁄4 in.) or larger and wire cloth (U.S.A.
5.2.3 A type of sieve shaker which will handle a stack of
Standard) sieves for sieves with openings smaller than 6.3 mm
either round or rectangularly framed sieves and produces a
( ⁄4 in.). This alternate series shall use sieves with openings of
vigorous agitation is especially suitable for handling large
the same dimensions as those given in 6.1.2. When this
samples of coarse material. This type of mechanical sieve
alternate series of square openings is used, the report must
shaker is acceptable for handling large samples provided it is
include this information.
not overloaded and provided agitation time is limited so that
6.1.3.1 Since round hole 6.3-mm ( ⁄4-in.) perforated plate
degradation of the coal being sieved does not occur (see
sievesproduceundersizeofapproximatelythesameamounta
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