ASTM D2261-96(2002)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) tensile testing machine.
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in .
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or without wetting.
1.3 Tear strength, as measured in this test method, requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.
1.4 Two calculations for tongue tearing strength are provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest peak forces.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D2261–96 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip)
Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing
Machine)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2261; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing 2.1 ASTM Standards:
strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
using a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) ten- tiles
sile testing machine. D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse- D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a Method That Produces Normally Distributed Data
consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions Textiles
for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included inAppendix D 4848 Terminology of Force, Deformation and Related
X1. Properties of Textiles
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit TEX-PAC
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be
3. Terminology
untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise
treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of other textile terms used
without wetting. in this test method, refer toTerminology D 123. For definitions
of other terms related to force and deformation in textiles, refer
1.3 Tear strength, as measured in this test method, requires
that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value to Terminology D 4848.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate
or start a tear. 3.2.1 cross-machine direction, CD, n—the direction in the
plane of the fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufac-
1.4 Two calculations for tongue tearing strength are pro-
vided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest ture.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—This term is used to refer to the direc-
peak forces.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units tion analogous to crosswise or filling direction in woven
fabrics.
are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units may
be approximate. 3.2.2 fabric, in textiles, n—a planar structure consisting of
yarns or fibers.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.3 machine direction, MD, n—the direction in the plane
of the fabric parallel to the direction of manufacture.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.2.3.1 Discussion—This term is used to refer to the direc-
tion analogous to lengthwise or warp direction in woven
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
fabrics.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Specific.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002. Published April 1996. Originally A PC program on floppy disk for analyzing Committee D-13 interlaboratory
published as D 2261 – 64 T. Discontinued November 1995 and reinstated as data are available from ASTM Headquarters. For a 3 ⁄2-in. disk, request PCN:12-
D 2261. 429040-18. For a 5 ⁄4-in. disk, request PCN:12-429041-18.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2261–96 (2002)
3.2.4 peak force, in tear testing of fabrics, n—the maximum available that can be used with all fabrics to determine the
force required to break one or more yarn components in a minimum tearing strength.
woven or knitted fabric specimen, or break the fiber, the fiber 5.3 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data
bonds, or fiber interlocks in other manufactured fabric forms. recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a
3.2.4.1 Discussion—The peak force may consist of a single peak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength
peak or a series of peaks depending upon the nature of the of the yarn components, fiber bonds, or fiber interlocks,
fabric. Typically for woven fabrics, if a small decrease in force individually or in combination, needed to stop a tear in a fabric
occurs at a time when the force is increasing, it is not of the same construction. The valleys recorded between the
considered to peak unless the indicated force exceeds the force peaks have no specific significance. The minimum tearing
required to break a yarn. Lower shifts corresponding to yarn force, however, is indicated to be above the lowest valleys.
movement do not qualify as peaks since no yarns are broken. 5.4 Most textile fabrics can be tested by this test method.
3.2.5 tearing force, in fabric, n—the force required to Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary
propagate a tear initiated under specified conditions. for a given fabric due to its structure. Strong fabrics or fabrics
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The tongue tearing force may be cal- made from glass fibers usually require special adaptation to
culated from a single-peak or a multiple-peak force-extension prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as
curve. a result of being gripped in the clamps.
3.2.6 tearing strength, in fabrics, n—the capacity of a fabric 5.5 The CRE-type is the preferred tensile testing machine.
to withstand the tearing force required to propagate a tear after This test method allows the use of the CRT-type tensile
its initiation. machine when agreed upon between the purchaser and the
supplier. There may be no overall correlation, however, be-
4. Summary of Test Method
tween the results obtained with the CRT-type machine and the
4.1 Arectangular specimen, cut in the center of a short edge CRE-type machine. Consequently, these two tensile testers
toformatwo-tongued(trousershaped)specimen,inwhichone
cannot be used interchangeably unless the degree of quantita-
tongue of the specimen is gripped in the upper jaw and the
tivecorrelationhasbeenestablishedbetweenthepurchaserand
other tongue is gripped in the lower jaw of a tensile testing
the supplier. In any event, the CRE-type machine shall prevail.
machine. The separation of the jaws is continuously increased
to apply a force to propagate the tear. At the same time, the
6. Apparatus
force developed is recorded. The force to continue the tear is
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine,oftheCRE-typeconformingto
calculated from autographic chart recorders or microprocessor
the requirements of Specification D76 with autographic re-
data collection systems.
corder, or automatic microprocessor data gathering system.
6.2 Clamps, having all jaw surfaces parallel, flat, and
5. Significance and Use
capable of preventing slipping of the specimen during a test,
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
andmeasuringatleast25by75mm(1by3in.)withthelonger
tance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates
dimension perpendicular to the direction of application of the
of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and the test
force.
method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
6.2.1 The use of hydraulic pneumatic clamping systems
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
withaminimumof50by75-mm(2by3-in.)serratedorrubber
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
jaw faces having a clamping force at the grip faces of 13 to 14
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
kN (2900 to 3111 lbf) is recommended. Manual clamping is
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
permitted providing no slippage of the specimen is observed.
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
6.2.2 For some materials, to prevent slippage when using
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
jaw faces other than serrated, such as rubber-faced jaws, the
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
jaw faces may be covered with a No. 80 to 120 medium-grit
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
emery cloth. Secure the emery cloth to the jaw faces with
from a lot of fabric of the type in question.Test specimens then
pressure-sensitive tape.
should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
6.3 Cutting Die or Template, having essentially the shape
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1.
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-
tical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the
randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-
in an applicable material specification or other agreement
eration to the known bias.
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or
5.2 The force registered in a tear test is irregular, and as a
pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
consequence, empirical methods have had to be developed to
absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
obtain usable values related to tear strength. In spite of the
specified in Table 1.
empirical nature of the reported values, the values are consid-
ered to reflect comparative performance of similar fabrics
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
tested and measured in the same way. No known procedure is purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
D2261–96 (2002)
the laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one tenth its
width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles.
Avoid getting oil, water, grease, and so forth, on the specimens
when handling.
8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
8.1 Set the distance between the clamps at the start of the
test at 75 6 1 mm (3.0 6 0.05 in.).
8.2 Select the full-scale force range of the testing machine
such that the maximum force occurs between 10 and 90 % of
full-scale force.
8.3 Set the testing speed to 50 6 2 mm/min (2 6 0.1
FIG. 1 Template for Marking and Cutting Tongue Tear Specimens,
in./min). When agreed upon between the purchaser and the
All Tolerances 60.5%
supplier, the testing speed may be set to 300 6 10 mm/min (12
6 0.5 in./min).
TABLE 1 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot Sample
8.4 Verify calibration of the tensile testing machine as
Number of Rolls or Pieces
Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
directed in the manufacturer’s instructions.
in Lot, Inclusive
8.5 When using microprocessor automatic data gathering
1to3 all
4to24 4 systems, set the appropriate parameters as specified in the
25 to 50 5
manufacturer’s instructions and SpecificationD76.
over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or pieces
9. Conditioning
9.1 Condition 1, Standard Testing Conditioning:
between rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch 9.1.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-
from a roll or piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful
proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
preconditioning textiles as specified in Practice D 1776, unless
quality level.
otherwisespecifiedinamaterialspecificationorcontractorder.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
9.1.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to
swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for
m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece in
testing textiles as specified in Practice D 1776 or, if applicable,
the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be
exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
performed, unless otherwise specified in a material specifica-
around the core of the roll of fabric. tion or contract order.
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
9.2 Condition 2, Wet Specimen Testing Conditioning:
take five specimens from the machine direction and five 9.2.1 When desizing treatments are specified prior to wet
specimens from the cross-machine direction, for each test
testing, use desizing treatments that will not affect the normal
condition described in 9.1 and 9.2, as applicable to a material physical property of the fabric as specified in Test Method
specification or contract order.
D 629.
7.3.1 Direction of Test—Consider the short direction as the 9.2.2 Submerge the specimens in a container of distilled or
direction of test.
deionized water at ambient temperature until thoroughly
7.3.2 Cutting Test Specimens—Cut rectangular specimens soaked (see 9.2.2.1).
75 by 200 mm (3 by 8 in.). Use the cutting die or template
9.2.2.1 The time of immersion must be sufficient to wet out
described in 6.3 and shown in Fig. 1. Take the specimens to be
the specimens as indicated by no significant change in tearing
used for the measurement of machine direction with the longer
force followed by longer periods of immersion. For most
dimension parallel to the cross-machine direction. Take the
fabrics this time period will be about 1 h. For fabrics not
specimens to be used for the measurement of the cross-
readily wet out with water, such as those treated with water-
machine direction with the longer dimension parallel to the
repellent or water-resistant materials, add a 0.1 % solution of a
machine direction. Make a preliminary
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