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ASTM D4626-95(2015)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculation of Gas Chromatographic Response Factors

Standard Practice for Calculation of Gas Chromatographic Response Factors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 ASTM standard gas chromatographic methods for the analysis of petroleum products require calibration of the gas chromatographic system by preparation and analysis of specified reference mixtures. Frequently, minimal information is given in these methods on the practice of calculating calibration or response factors. Test Methods D2268, D2427, D2804, D2998, D3329, D3362, D3465, D3545, and D3695 are examples. The present practice helps to fill this void by providing a detailed reference procedure for calculating response factors, as exemplified by analysis of a standard blend of C6 to C11 n-paraffins using n-C12 as the diluent.  
5.2 In practice, response factors are used to correct peak areas to a common base prior to final calculation of the sample composition. The response factors calculated in this practice are “multipliers” and prior to final calculation of the results the area obtained for each compound in the sample should be multiplied by the response factor determined for that compound.  
5.3 It has been determined that values for response factors will vary with individual installations. This may be caused by variations in instrument design, columns, and experimental techniques. It is necessary that chromatographs be individually calibrated to obtain the most accurate data.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for calculating gas chromatographic response factors. It is applicable to chromatographic data obtained from a gaseous mixture or from any mixture of compounds that is normally liquid at room temperature and pressure or solids, or both, that will form a solution with liquids. It is not intended to be applied to those compounds that react in the chromatograph or are not quantitatively eluted. Normal C6 through C11  paraffins have been chosen as model compounds for demonstration purposes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2015
ICS
71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0L - Gas Chromatography Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4626-95(2019) - Standard Practice for Calculation of Gas Chromatographic Response Factors
Effective Date
01-Dec-2019

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4626 − 95 (Reapproved 2015)
Designation: 378/87
Standard Practice for
1
Calculation of Gas Chromatographic Response Factors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4626; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Gas Chromatography
D3362 Test Method for Purity of Acrylate Esters by Gas
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for calculating gas
3
Chromatography (Withdrawn 2011)
chromatographic response factors. It is applicable to chromato-
D3465 Test Method for Purity of Monomeric Plasticizers by
graphic data obtained from a gaseous mixture or from any
Gas Chromatography
mixtureofcompoundsthatisnormallyliquidatroomtempera-
D3545 Test Method for Alcohol Content and Purity of
ture and pressure or solids, or both, that will form a solution
Acetate Esters by Gas Chromatography
with liquids. It is not intended to be applied to those com-
D3695 Test Method for VolatileAlcohols in Water by Direct
poundsthatreactinthechromatographorarenotquantitatively
Aqueous-Injection Gas Chromatography
eluted. Normal C through C paraffins have been chosen as
6 11
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as
model compounds for demonstration purposes.
Analytical Standards
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E260 Practice for Packed Column Gas Chromatography
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 response factor (R)—a constant of proportionality
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
used to convert the observed chromatographic response of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specific compounds to either mass or volume percent compo-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sition. The observed response may be measured as peak areas
or peak heights. Depending on the calculation formula, the
2. Referenced Documents
response factor (R) is applied by either multiplying or dividing
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the observed response by the determined factor.
D2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane
3.1.2 In this practice, the response factors determined are
and Isooctane by Capillary Gas Chromatography
multiplying factors.
D2427 Test Method for Determination of C through C
2 5
4
Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
4. Summary of Practice
D2804 Test Method for Purity of Methyl Ethyl Ketone By
4.1 Individual C to C n-paraffins are precisely weighed
6 11
Gas Chromatography
and combined in an inert, tight-sealing glass vial. Different
D2998 Test Method for Polyhydric Alcohols in Alkyd Res-
3
concentration levels of the blend components to cover concen-
ins (Withdrawn 2004)
tration ranges of interest may be obtained by dilution with a
D3329 Test Method for Purity of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone by
suitable solvent. As diluent, a n-paraffin, such as n-dodecane,
that is, higher boiling than the blend components is suitable.
1
The quantitative blends are analyzed, in duplicate, by gas
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
chromatography using either thermal conductivity, flame-
mittee D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods.
ionization or other forms of detection. From the mass or
Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally
volume composition of the blend and the raw area or peak
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4626 – 95 (2010).
DOI: 10.1520/D4626-95R15. height measurements, mass or volume response or relative
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
response factors for each blend component are calculated.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
www.astm.org. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1200.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4626 − 95 (2015)
5. Significance and Use 7.3 n-Paraffın Hydrocarbons, C,C,C,C,C ,C , and
6 7 8 9 10 11
C -99 % pur
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4626 − 95 (Reapproved 2010) D4626 − 95 (Reapproved 2015)
Designation: 378/87
Standard Practice for
1
Calculation of Gas Chromatographic Response Factors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4626; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for calculating gas chromatographic response factors. It is applicable to chromatographic
data obtained from a gaseous mixture or from any mixture of compounds that is normally liquid at room temperature and pressure
or solids, or both, that will form a solution with liquids. It is not intended to be applied to those compounds that react in the
chromatograph or are not quantitatively eluted. Normal C through C paraffins have been chosen as model compounds for
6 11
demonstration purposes.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are for information
only.standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane and Isooctane by Capillary Gas Chromatography
D2427 Test Method for Determination of C through C Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
2 5
D2804 Test Method for Purity of Methyl Ethyl Ketone By Gas Chromatography
3
D2998 Test Method for Polyhydric Alcohols in Alkyd Resins (Withdrawn 2004)
D3329 Test Method for Purity of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone by Gas Chromatography
3
D3362 Test Method for Purity of Acrylate Esters by Gas Chromatography (Withdrawn 2011)
D3465 Test Method for Purity of Monomeric Plasticizers by Gas Chromatography
D3545 Test Method for Alcohol Content and Purity of Acetate Esters by Gas Chromatography
D3695 Test Method for Volatile Alcohols in Water by Direct Aqueous-Injection Gas Chromatography
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as Analytical Standards
E260 Practice for Packed Column Gas Chromatography
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 response factor (R)—a constant of proportionality used to convert the observed chromatographic response of specific
compounds to either mass or volume percent composition. The observed response may be measured as peak areas or peak heights.
Depending on the calculation formula, the response factor (R) is applied by either multiplying or dividing the observed response
by the determined factor.
3.1.2 In this practice, the response factors determined are multiplying factors.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010April 1, 2015. Published November 2010June 2015. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
D4626–95(2005).D4626 – 95 (2010). DOI: 10.1520/D4626-95R10.10.1520/D4626-95R15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4626 − 95 (2015)
4
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Individual C to C n-paraffins are precisely weighed and combined in an inert, tight-sealing glass vial. Different
6 11
concentration levels of the blend components to cover concentration ranges of interest may be obtained by dilution with a suitable
solvent. As diluent, a n-paraffin, such as n-dodecane, that is, higher boiling than the blend components is suitable. The quantitative
blends are analyzed, in duplicate, by gas chromatography using either thermal conductivity, flame
...

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ASTM D6277-07(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Benzene in Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Benzene is a compound that endangers health, and the concentration is limited by environmental protection agencies to produce a less toxic gasoline.  
5.2 This test method is fast, simple to run, and inexpensive.  
5.3 This test method is applicable for quality control in the production and distribution of spark-ignition engine fuels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percentage of benzene in spark-ignition engine fuels. It is applicable to concentrations from 0.1 % to 5 % by volume.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6296-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Total Olefins in Spark-ignition Engine Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The quantitative determination of olefins in spark-ignition engine fuels is required to comply with government regulations.  
5.2 Knowledge of the total olefin content provides a means to monitor the efficiency of catalytic cracking processes.  
5.3 This test method provides better precision for olefin content than Test Method D1319. It also provides data in a much shorter time, approximately 20 min following calibration, and maximizes automation to reduce operator labor.  
5.4 This test method is not applicable to M85 or E85 fuels, which contain 85 % methanol and ethanol, respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative determination of total olefins in the C4 to C10 range in spark-ignition engine fuels or related hydrocarbon streams, such as naphthas and cracked naphthas. Olefin concentrations in the range from 0.2 % by liquid-volume or mass to 5.0 % by liquid-volume or mass, or both, can be determined directly on the as-received sample whereas olefins in samples containing higher concentrations are determined after appropriate sample dilution prior to analysis.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to samples containing alcohols and ethers; however, samples containing greater than 15 % alcohol must be diluted. Samples containing greater than 5.0 % ether must also be diluted to the 5.0 % or less level, prior to analysis. When ethyl-tert-butylether is present, only olefins in the C4 to C9 range can be determined.  
1.3 This test method can not be used to determine individual olefin components.  
1.4 This test method can not be used to determine olefins having higher carbon numbers than C10.
Note 1: Precision was determined only on samples containing MTBE and ethanol.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6379-21e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Accurate quantitative information on aromatic hydrocarbon types can be useful in determining the effects of petroleum processes on production of various finished fuels. This information can also be useful for indicating the quality of fuels and for assessing the relative combustion properties of finished fuels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a high performance liquid chromatographic test method for the determination of mono-aromatic and di-aromatic hydrocarbon contents in aviation kerosenes and petroleum distillates boiling in the range from 50 °C to 300 °C, such as Jet A or Jet A-1 fuels. The total aromatic content is calculated from the sum of the individual aromatic hydrocarbon-types.  
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain tri-aromatic and higher polycyclic aromatic compounds are not determined by this test method and should be analyzed by Test Method D6591 or other suitable equivalent test methods.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to distillates containing from 0.8 % to 44.0 % by mass mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0.23 % to 6.20 % by mass di-aromatic hydrocarbons, and 0.7 % to 50 % by mass total aromatics. Although this method generates results in m/m, results may also be quoted in v/v.  
1.3 The precision of this test method has been established for kerosene boiling range distillates containing from 0.40 % to 44.0 % by mass mono-aromatic hydrocarbons, 0.02 % to 6.20 % by mass di-aromatic hydrocarbons, and 0.40 % to 50.0 % by mass total aromatics. If results are quoted in volume, the precision is 0.3 % to 41.4 % by volume mono-aromatics, 0.01 % to 5.00 % by volume di-aromatics, and 0.30 % to 46.3 % by volume total aromatics. As calculated by IP 367-1.  
1.4 Compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are possible interferents. Mono-alkenes do not interfere, but conjugated di- and poly-alkenes, if present, are possible interferents.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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