ASTM E1928-07
(Practice)Standard Practice for Estimating the Approximate Residual Circumferential Stress in Straight Thin-walled Tubing
Standard Practice for Estimating the Approximate Residual Circumferential Stress in Straight Thin-walled Tubing
SCOPE
1.1 A qualitative estimate of the residual circumferential stress in thin-walled tubing may be calculated from the change in outside diameter that occurs upon splitting a length of the tubing. This practice assumes a linear stress distribution through the tube wall thickness and will not provide an estimate of local stress distributions such as surface stresses. (Very high local residual stress gradients are common at the surface of metal tubing due to cold drawing, peening, grinding, etc.) The Hatfield and Thirkell formula, as later modified by Sachs and Espey, provides a simple method for calculating the approximate circumferential stress from the change in diameter of straight, thin-walled, metal tubing.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E1928 − 07
StandardPractice for
Estimating the Approximate Residual Circumferential Stress
1
in Straight Thin-walled Tubing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1928; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope example, influence the susceptibility of a tube to stress corro-
sion cracking when the tube is exposed to certain environ-
1.1 A qualitative estimate of the residual circumferential
ments.
stress in thin-walled tubing may be calculated from the change
in outside diameter that occurs upon splitting a length of the 4.2 Residual stresses in new thin-walled tubing are very
tubing. This practice assumes a linear stress distribution sensitivetotheparametersofthefabricationprocess,andsmall
through the tube wall thickness and will not provide an variations in these parameters can produce significant changes
estimate of local stress distributions such as surface stresses. intheresidualstresses.See,forexample,Table1,whichshows
(Very high local residual stress gradients are common at the the residual stresses measured by this practice in samples from
surface of metal tubing due to cold drawing, peening, grinding, successive heats of a ferritic Cr-Mo-Ni stainless steel tube and
etc.) The Hatfield and Thirkell formula, as later modified by a titanium condenser tube. This practice provides a means for
2
SachsandEspey, providesasimplemethodforcalculatingthe estimating the residual stresses in samples from each and every
approximatecircumferentialstressfromthechangeindiameter heat.
of straight, thin-walled, metal tubing. 4.2.1 This practice may also be used to estimate the residual
stresses that remain in tubes after removal from service in
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
different environments and operating conditions.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.3 Thispracticeassumesalinearstressdistributionthrough
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the wall thickness. This assumption is usually reasonable for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
thin-walled tubes, that is, for tubes in which the wall thickness
does not exceed one tenth of the outside diameter. Even in
2. Referenced Documents
cases where the assumption is not strictly justified, experience
3
has shown that the approximate stresses estimated by this
2.1 ASTM Standards:
practice frequently serve as useful indicators of the suscepti-
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
bility to stress corrosion cracking of the tubing of certain metal
alloys when exposed to specific environments.
3. Terminology
4.3.1 Because of this questionable assumption regarding the
3.1 The definitions in this practice are in accordance with
stress distribution in the tubing, the user is cautioned against
Terminology E6.
using the results of this practice for design, manufacturing
control, localized surface residual stress evaluation, or other
4. Significance and Use
purposes without supplementary information that supports the
4.1 Residual stresses in tubing may be detrimental to the
application.
future performance of the tubing. Such stresses may, for
4.4 This practice has primarily been used to estimate re-
sidual fabrication stresses in new thin-walled tubing between
19-mm (0.75-in.) and 25-mm (1-in.) outside diameter and
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on Residual Stress 1.3-mm (0.05-in.) or less wall thickness. While measurement
Measurement.
difficulties may be encountered with smaller or larger tubes,
Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally
there does not appear to be any theoretical size limitation on
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E1928 - 99. DOI:
the applicability of this practice.
10.1520/E1928-07.
2
Sachs, G. and Espey, G., “A New Method for Determination of Stress
5. Procedure
Distribution in Thin-walled Tubing,” Transactions of the AIME, Vol 147, 1942.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 On new material, the stress determination shall be made
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
on at least one representative sample obtained from each lot or
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. heat of material in the final size and heat treatment.The results
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