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ASTM C1898-20

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Determining the Chemical Resistance of Concrete Products to Acid Attack

Standard Test Methods for Determining the Chemical Resistance of Concrete Products to Acid Attack

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 As described in Guide C1894, the MICC is considered to be a three-stage process with the reduction in pH (Stage I) (for example, 12.5 > pH > 9-10), the establishment of biofilms which further lowers the pH (Stage II) (for example, 9-10 > pH > 4-6) and eventual deterioration due to biogenic acid exposure (Stage III) (for example,  
4.2 As described in Guide C1894, acid immersion testing should be used with great caution in specifying concrete as this is a final stage of deterioration and the concrete may not be exposed to the conditions of this test.  
4.3 The results obtained by these test methods should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant material for a particular application. No attempt has been made to incorporate into this test method all the various factors that may affect the performance of a material when subjected to actual service.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the chemical resistance of cement paste, mortar and concrete materials. This method is loosely based on Test Methods C267, however the solution is more rigorously defined and flexural strength is used. These test methods provide for the determination of changes in the following properties of the test specimens and test medium after exposure of the specimens to the medium:  
1.1.1 Mass of specimen,  
1.1.2 Appearance of specimen,  
1.1.3 Appearance of test medium, and  
1.1.4 Strength of specimens.  
1.2 Guide C1894 provides a standard guide for Microbially Induced Corrosion of Concrete (MICC) products. This standard is used for assessing the chemical resistance of cementitious products to acid attack caused by MICC; however as described in the guideline document for MICC products the current document only applies for Stage III of corrosion. This document is not intended to be a guideline document for the complete evaluation of MICC or for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobial additives used to reduce MICC.  
1.3 This standard supplements Test Methods C267 to improve the consistency of reported results for acids generated by MICC or other sources.  
1.4 This standard does not cover tests in which acidification is achieved by bacterial activity. Testing protocols for bacterial activity are described in Guide C1894.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to alternative units (typically inch-pound units) that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2020
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C13 - Concrete Pipe
Drafting Committee
C13.03 - Determining the Effects of Biogenic Sulfuric Acid on Concrete Pipe and Structures
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM C14-20 - Standard Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM C1894-22 - Standard Guide for Microbially Induced Corrosion of Concrete Products
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM C1904-22 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Effects of Biogenic Acidification on Concrete Antimicrobial Additives and/or Concrete Products
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM C1898-20 - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Chemical Resistance of Concrete Products to Acid Attack
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1898 − 20
Standard Test Methods for
Determining the Chemical Resistance of Concrete Products
1
to Acid Attack
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1898; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the chemi-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
cal resistance of cement paste, mortar and concrete materials.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This method is loosely based on Test Methods C267, however
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the solution is more rigorously defined and flexural strength is
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
used. These test methods provide for the determination of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
changes in the following properties of the test specimens and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
test medium after exposure of the specimens to the medium:
1.1.1 Mass of specimen,
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.2 Appearance of specimen,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.3 Appearance of test medium, and
1.1.4 Strength of specimens. C14 Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm
Drain, and Culvert Pipe
1.2 Guide C1894 provides a standard guide for Microbially
C78/C78M Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete
Induced Corrosion of Concrete (MICC) products. This stan-
(Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
dard is used for assessing the chemical resistance of cementi-
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
tious products to acid attack caused by MICC; however as
gregates
described in the guideline document for MICC products the
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
current document only applies for Stage III of corrosion. This
Specimens in the Laboratory
document is not intended to be a guideline document for the
C267 Test Methods for Chemical Resistance of Mortars,
complete evaluation of MICC or for assessing the efficacy of
Grouts,andMonolithicSurfacingsandPolymerConcretes
antimicrobial additives used to reduce MICC.
C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
1.3 This standard supplements Test Methods C267 to im-
Products
prove the consistency of reported results for acids generated by
C904 Terminology Relating to Chemical-Resistant Nonme-
MICC or other sources.
tallic Materials
C1768/C1768M Practice forAccelerated Curing of Concrete
1.4 This standard does not cover tests in which acidification
Cylinders
is achieved by bacterial activity. Testing protocols for bacterial
C1894 GuideforMicrobiallyInducedCorrosionofConcrete
activity are described in Guide C1894.
Products
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to alternative units (typically inch-pound units)
3. Terminology
that are provided for information only and are not considered
3.1 Definitions:
standard.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Terminology standards C125 and C822.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
4.1 As described in Guide C1894, the MICC is considered
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on
to be a three-stage process with the reduction in pH (Stage I)
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.03 on
(for example, 12.5 > pH > 9-10), the establishment of biofilms
Determining the Effects of Biogenic SulfuricAcid on Concrete Pipe and Structures.
which further lowers the pH (Stage II) (for example, 9-10 > pH
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published May 2020. DOI: 10.1520/
D1898-20. >4-6)andeventualdeteriorationduetobiogenicacidexposure
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1898 − 20
(Stage III) (for example, < ~4 pH). This document provides 7. Test Specimens
standard test methods to assess the effects of acid in Stage 3 for
7.1 The number of specimens required is d
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 As described in Guide C1894, the MIC of concrete is considered to be a three-stage process with the reduction in pH (Stage I) (for example, 12.5 > pH > 9-10), the establishment of biofilms which further lowers the pH (Stage II) (for example, 9-10 > pH > 4-6) and eventual deterioration due to biogenic acid exposure (Stage III) (for example,  
4.2 The tests are performed in simulated exposure solutions containing well-controlled bacterial strains that are grown in the laboratory. These tests do not require an environmental chamber and are intended to be performed as benchtop tests in biosafety level 1 laboratory conditions. These tests are suitable for simulation of the Stage II and III of MIC because the pH range of the solution can be controlled within the ranges of each stage.  
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1.1 This standard presents test methods for the determination of the effects of biogenic acidification on concrete products and/or efficacy of antimicrobial products to resist microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) of concrete. In these tests, the biogenic acidification is achieved by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) that can convert elemental sulfur or thiosulfate to sulfuric acid without the use of H2S gas.  
1.2 This standard is referenced in the guideline document for MIC of concrete products. Guide C1894 provides guidance for microbially-induced corrosion of concrete products and an overview of where this test, and its options, can and should be used. This document is not intended to be a guideline document for MIC of concrete products.  
1.3 This standard does not cover controlled breeding chamber tests, in which H2S gas is produced by bacterial activity and acidification is the result of the conversion of this H2S gas to sulfuric acid.  
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This specification covers the procedures and test methods for the production of dry cast concrete, defined as very low slump or zero-slump concrete that requires continuous and intense vibration, or mechanical means, or a combination of vibration and mechanical means to consolidate the concrete, enabling immediate removal of the forms from the product. The placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete are not covered by this specification. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious material, water, and admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly mixed concrete of such quality that the precast product will conform to the test and design requirements of the relevant specification. Materials covered by this specification are the following: cementitious materials (cement, slag cement, fly ash), allowable combinations of cementitious materials, aggregates, and admixtures and blends.
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1.1 This guide discusses microbially induced corrosion (MIC) of concrete products and laboratory test methods for determining the resistance of concrete to MIC. Although the guide is intended for concrete products, it also covers cementitious mortar and paste that are used in specialized applications or laboratory investigations.  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide recommended guidelines for the analysis and interpretation of hydraulic test data for articulating concrete block (ACB) revetment systems under steep slope, high velocity flow conditions in a rectangular open channel. Data from tests performed under controlled laboratory conditions are used to quantify stability performance of ACB systems under hydraulic loading. This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with Test Method D7277.  
1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor can this document be applied without considerations of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
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This specification covers all forms of fiber-reinforced concrete that are delivered to a purchaser with the ingredients uniformly mixed. This specification may also apply to fiber-reinforced concrete intended for shotcreting by the dry-mix process when sampling and testing is possible at the point of placement. It, however, does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the fiber-reinforced concrete after delivery to the purchaser. Materials are classified according to the type of fiber incorporated, which are: Type I, steel fiber-reinforced concrete that contains stainless, alloy, or carbon steel fibers; Type II, glass fiber-reinforced concrete that contains alkali-resistant glass fibers; Type III, synthetic fiber-reinforced concrete that contains synthetic fibers; and Type IV, natural fiber-reinforced concrete that contains cellulose fibers. The fiber-reinforced concretes shall be furnish either by batch mixing or continuous mixing, and shall be free of fiber balls when delivered to the point designated by the purchaser. Tolerances, acceptance criteria, and performance requirements for workability and air content are discussed thoroughly.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers most forms of fiber-reinforced concrete manufactured in accordance with Specification C94/C94M or Specification C685/C685M as modified herein. It does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the fiber-reinforced concrete after delivery to the purchaser.  
1.2 Certain sections of this specification are also applicable to fiber-reinforced concrete intended for shotcreting by the dry-mix or to zero-slump, and fiber-reinforced concrete used to manufacture precast elements. In these cases, the sections dealing with batching plant, mixing equipment, mixing and delivery, and measurement of workability and air content, are not applicable.  
1.3 This specification does not cover thin-section glass fiber-reinforced concrete manufactured by the spray-up process that is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee C27.40.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 If required results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this standard, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.2  
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1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
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1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7277-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Performance Testing of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems for Hydraulic Stability in Open Channel Flow

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An articulating concrete block revetment system is comprised of a matrix of individual concrete blocks placed together to form an erosion-resistant revetment with specific hydraulic performance characteristics. The system includes a filter layer compatible with the subsoil which allows infiltration and exfiltration to occur while providing particle retention. The filter layer may be comprised of a geotextile, properly graded granular media, or both. The concrete blocks within the matrix shall be dense and durable, and the matrix shall be flexible and porous.  
5.2 ACB revetment system are used to provide erosion protection to underlying soil materials from the forces of flowing water. The term “articulating,” as used in this standard, implies the ability of individual concrete blocks of the system to conform to changes in subgrade while remaining interconnected by virtue of geometric interlock, cables, ropes, geotextiles, geogrids, or combination thereof.  
5.3 The definition of ACB revetment system does not distinguish between interlocking and non-interlocking block geometries, between cable-tied and non-cable-tied systems, between vegetated and non-vegetated systems or between methods of manufacturing or placement. Furthermore, the definition does not restrict or limit the block size, shape, strength, or longevity; however, guidelines and recommendations regarding these factors are incorporated into this standard. Blocks are available in either open-cell or closed-cell configurations.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide specifications for the hydraulic testing of full-scale articulating concrete block (ACB) revetment systems under controlled laboratory conditions for purposes of identifying stability performance in steep slope, high-velocity flows. The testing protocols, including system installation, test procedures, measurement techniques, analysis techniques, and reporting requirements are described in this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting or use of units other than inch-pound shall not be considered non-conformance as long as the selected parameters described regarding flume construction by the inch-pound system used in this method are met as a minimum.  
1.2.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded and calculated in this Guide are regarded as the industry standard. In addition they are representative of the significant digits that generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose of obtaining the data, special purpose studies or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of t...

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