ASTM D7659-10
(Guide)Standard Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker Protection
Standard Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker Protection
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide describes approaches which can be used to determine surface sampling strategies before any actual surface sampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs to consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to, purpose for sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for that purpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used, ability to execute the selected strategy, and ability of the analytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze the samples once they are collected.
For the purposes of sampling, and for the materials sampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice. Workplace sampling may be performed for single or multiple purposes. Conflicts may arise when a single sampling strategy is expected to satisfy multiple purposes.
Limitations of cost, space, power requirements, equipment, personnel, and analytical methods need to be considered to arrive at an optimum strategy for each purpose.
A strategy intended to satisfy multiple purposes will typically be a compromise among several alternatives, and will typically not be optimal for any one purpose.
The purpose or purposes for sampling should be explicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Good practice, regulatory and legal requirements, cost of the sampling program, and the usefulness of the results may be markedly different for different purposes of sampling.
This guide is intended for those who are preparing to evaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples of metals or metalloids on surfaces, or who wish to obtain an understanding of what information can be obtained by such sampling.
This guide cannot take the place of sound professional judgment in development and execution of any sampling strategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standard practice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditions encountered in the field. Documentation of any professional judgments applied to development or execution of a sam...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in defining strategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfaces for workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation.
1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended for sampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequent analysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence. Guidance for evaluation of data after sample analysis is included.
1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for example, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.
1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids on the skin is not within the scope of this guide.
1.5 Sampling for airborne particulate matter is not within the scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information on air sampling strategies.
1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any requirements that may be specified in such law or regulation.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7659 − 10
StandardGuide for
Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for
Worker Protection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7659; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Atmospheres
1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in defining
D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of
strategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfaces
Methods of Committee D22
for workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation.
D5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical
1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended for
Analysis
sampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequent
D6399 Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods for
analysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, mass
Measuring Air Quality in Aircraft Cabins
spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence.
D6620 Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based on
Guidance for evaluation of data after sample analysis is
Counts
included.
D6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples
1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for
Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determi-
example, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.
nation of Metals
1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids on
D7035 Test Method for Determination of Metals and Met-
the skin is not within the scope of this guide.
alloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively
1.5 Sampling for airborne particulate matter is not within Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-
the scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information on
AES)
air sampling strategies.
D7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-
vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals Determination
1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or
D7202 Test Method for Determination of Beryllium in the
regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any
Workplace by Extraction and Optical Fluorescence Detec-
requirements that may be specified in such law or regulation.
tion
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D7296 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Using Dry Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent De-
standard.
termination of Beryllium and Compounds
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D7439 Test Method for Determination of Elements in Air-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
borne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
–Mass Spectrometry
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D7440 Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Qual-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ity Measurements
E1216 Practice for Sampling for Particulate Contamination
2. Referenced Documents
by Tape Lift
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
Workplace Protection
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on WorkplaceAir Quality.
Safety
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. DOI:
10.1520/D7659-10. E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. (ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7659 − 10
(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec- 3.3.6 decision value—a numerical value used as a boundary
trometry (GFAAS) Techniques in a statistical test to decide between the null hypothesis and
E1728 PracticeforCollectionofSettledDustSamplesUsing the alternative hypothesis. D6620
Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determi-
3.3.7 descriptive statistics—simple metrics of a sample
nation
distribution’s characteristics such as central tendency (for
E1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead
example, mean, median) and dispersion (for example, standard
in Surface Dust
deviation, variance, range). (2)
E2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead
3.3.7.1 Discussion—Additional examples are the number of
Hazard Reduction Activities in Dwellings, and in Other
samples and the actual fraction of samples above a decision
Child-Occupied Facilities
value or a limit value.
2.2 ISO and European Standards:
3.3.8 inferential statistics—parameters used to make esti-
EN 1540 Workplace Atmospheres—Terminology Flasks
mates about a distribution and underlying population. (2)
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
3.3.9 limit value—referencefigurefortheconcentrationofa
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
chemical or biological agent. EN 1540
ISO TR 14294 Workplace Atmospheres—Measurement of
dermal exposure–Principles and methods 3.3.9.1 Discussion—Asusedinthisguide,examplesoflimit
values include occupational exposure limits established by
2.3 Other Documents:
regulation, or Threshold Limit Values established by the
40 CFR 745 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Cer-
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
tain Residential Structures
(3). This should not be confused with analytical limits, such as
method detection limit, as defined in Terminology D1356.
3. Terminology
3.3.10 non-parametric statistical inference—evaluation of a
3.1 For definitions of terms relating to occupational health
data set using statistical procedures whose validity do not
and safety, see Terminology E1542.
depend on assuming a specified underlying distribution.
3.2 For definitions of terms relating to sampling and analy-
3.3.11 parametric statistical inference—evaluation of a data
sis of atmospheres, see Terminology D1356.
set based on assuming a specified underlying statistical model,
3.3 Definitions:
such as normal or lognormal distributions.
3.3.1 analyte—designated chemical species to be measured
3.3.12 professional judgment—application and appropriate
by a monitor or to be identified and quantified by an analyzer.
use of knowledge gained from formal education, experience,
D6399
experimentation, inference, and analogy. The capacity of an
3.3.2 analytical sensitivity—ability of an analytical method
experienced professional to draw correct inferences from
to detect small amounts of, or small changes in the amount of,
incomplete quantitative data, frequently on the basis of
the analyte of interest. (1)
observations, analogy, and intuition. (2)
3.3.3 analytical specificity—ability of an analytical method
3.3.13 reporting limit—value at which reported data are
to respond uniquely to the analyte of interest; that is, its ability
censored.
to measure accurately an analyte, both qualitatively and quan-
3.3.13.1 Discussion—Values below the reporting limit are
titatively. (1)
typicallyreportedasbeinglessthanthereportinglimit,suchas
3.3.3.1 Discussion—Important factors in determining ana-
“
lytical specificity include freedom from interference by other
such as “RL (U)”. (4)
components, and good precision and accuracy.
3.3.14 representative surface—a surface that is taken to be
3.3.4 confidence interval—range of values that has a speci-
typical of surface(s) at a given sampling location.
fied probability of including the true value of the parameter(s)
3.3.14.1 Discussion—A representative surface may be es-
of an underlying distribution. (2)
tablished as a result of directed sampling (see 7.3.1) or random
3.3.5 data quality objectives (DQOs)—qualitativeandquan-
sampling (see 7.3.2). Thus, “representative” should not be
titative statements of the overall level of uncertainty that a
confused with “random.”
decision maker is willing to accept in results or decisions
derived from environmental data. D6399 3.3.15 sampling location—a specific area within a sampling
3.3.5.1 Discussion—Minimum DQOs include method de-
site that is subjected to sample collection. E1728/D6966
tection limit, precision, and bias.
3.3.15.1 Discussion—Multiple sampling locations are com-
monly designated for a single sampling site (see 3.3.16).
3.3.16 sampling site—a local geographic area that contains
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the sampling locations (see 3.3.16). E1728/D6966
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4 3.3.16.1 Discussion—Asampling site is generally limited to
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:// an area that is easily covered by walking.
www.access.gpo.gov.
3.3.17 stratified sampling—sampling in which the popula-
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this standard. tion to be sampled is first divided into mutually exclusive
D7659 − 10
subsets or strata, and independent samples taken within each strategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standard
stratum. E1402 practice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditions
encountered in the field. Documentation of any professional
3.3.18 Type I error—selection, based on a statistical test, of
judgments applied to development or execution of a sampling
the alternative hypothesis over the null hypothesis when the
strategy is essential.
null hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false positive outcome of a
statistical test. D6620
4.5 This guide should not be used as a stand-alone docu-
ment to evaluate any given contaminant or chemical species.
3.3.19 Type II error—selection, based on a statistical test, of
the null hypothesis over the alternative hypothesis when the
4.6 The surface sampling techniques described in this guide
alternative hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false negative outcome
are intended for the determination of metals and metalloids on
of a statistical test. D6620
surfaces, or for the determination of loadings of embedded
metallic residues in surface coverings. These techniques may
3.3.20 upper tolerance limit (UTL)—– upper confidence
not accurately reflect the transferability or bioavailability of
limit (with specified confidence level) for a percentile of a
such residues by way of dermal contact or inhalation of
distribution. (2)
resuspended respirable dust.
3.3.20.1 Discussion—The UTL is the value below which a
specified fraction of the population will be found, with a
5. Surface Sampling—General
specifiedlevelofconfidence.Forexample,theUTL is
95 %, 95 %
thevalueforwhichonewouldhave95 %confidencethat95 %
5.1 Surface sampling results are one of many sources of
of the population is below the UTL.
information about health and safety conditions in a workplace.
3.3.21 wipe sample—sample collected by wiping a repre- Informationobtainedfromsurfacesamplingshouldnotbeused
to the exclusion of other information. Additional sources of
sentative surface of known area, as determined by Practice
E1728,orequivalentmethod,withanacceptablewipematerial information may, as applicable, include air sampling, bioassay
and biomonitoring results, clinical observations, quality and
as defined in Practice E1792. 40 CFR 745.63, (5)
process control data, records of facility operations, and mate-
rial balance studies.
4. Significance and Use
5.2 Agreement among separately obtained sources of infor-
4.1 This guide describes approaches which can be used to
mation should increase confidence in the interpretation of
determinesurfacesamplingstrategiesbeforeanyactualsurface
workplace hazard assessments. Disagreement should be cause
sampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs to
for concern, and should result in efforts to determine why the
consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to,
disagreement occurred.
purpose for sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for that
purpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used,
5.3 The factors discussed in Sections 6 through 10 of this
ability to execute the selected strategy, and ability of the
guide are interdependent and may need to be applied in an
analytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze the
iterative fashion to develop an optimum strategy.
samples once they are collected.
6. Purposes for Surface Sampling
4.2 For the purposes of sampling, and for the materials
sampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice.
6.1 General considerations—Purposes for surface sampling
Workplace sampling may be performed for single or multiple
are based on the following general considerations:
purposes. Conflicts may arise when a single sampling strategy
6.1.1 Drivers for sampling;thatis,the“why”forperforming
is expected to satisfy multiple purposes.
the sampling campaign. Generally, the “why” should fall into
4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power requirements,
one of the following three areas:
equipment, personnel, and analytical methods need to be
6.1.1.1 Health impact, or evaluation of the potential health
considered to arrive at an optimum strategy for each purpose.
risk from the contaminant or chemical species.
4.2.2 A strategy intended to satisfy multiple purposes will
6.1.1.2 Hazard management, or evaluation of the source of
typically be a compromise among several alternatives, and will
the contaminant or chemical species, extent of exposure area,
typically not be optimal for any one purpose.
and effectiveness of controls.
4.2.3 The purpose or purposes for sampling should be
6.1.1.3 Hazard compliance, or evaluation of compliance
explicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Good
against regulations or policies.
practice, regulatory and legal requirements, cost of the sam-
6.1.2 Goals for the sampling campaign, which are based on
pling program, and the usefulness of the results may be
how the data will be used.
markedly different for different purposes of sampling.
6.1.3 Data quality objectives, which define how well the
collection and analysis of the samples must be
...
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