ASTM A278/A278M-01(2011)

Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650&#176F (350&#176C)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts at elevated temperatures. Castings shall be stress-relieved by placing them in a suitable furnace and heating them uniformly to the temperatures and for the times specified. Castings to be used at a particular temperature range shall undergo heat treatment and cooling. Chemical analysis shall be performed on each class of castings and shall meet the maximum requirement for carbon, phosphorus and sulfur. Iron used in supplying castings shall conform to the required tensile strength. Separately cast test bars having the required dimensions shall be poured from the same lot as the castings represented. The test bars shall be cast in dried siliceous sand molds maintained at approximately room temperature. Tension test shall be performed on each lot and materials shall conform to the tensile requirements specified.
SCOPE
p id="s00002">1.1 This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to 650°F (350°C).
1.2 Classes of Iron:
1.2.1 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 450°F (230°C). For temperatures above 450°F and up to 650°F, only Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings are suitable.
1.2.2 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 230°C. For temperatures above 230°C and up to 350°C, only Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 28-Feb-2011
• ICS: 77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.01 - Grey and White Iron Castings

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A278/A278M-01(2006) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650&#176F (350&#176C)
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2011
• Referred By: ASTM E2598/E2598M-21 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2011
• Referred By: ASTM A748/A748M-87(2022) - Standard Specification for Statically Cast Chilled White Iron-Gray Iron Dual Metal Rolls for Pressure Vessel Use
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2011
• Referred By: ASTM C660-81(2020) - Standard Practices for Production and Preparation of Gray Iron Castings for Porcelain Enameling
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2011
• Referred By: ASTM A834-95(2020) - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Iron Castings for General Industrial Use
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2011
• Referred By: ASTM A667/A667M-87(2022) - Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Dual Metal (Gray and White Cast Iron) Cylinders
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2011
• Referred By: ASTM F1545-15a(2021) - Standard Specification for Plastic-Lined Ferrous Metal Pipe, Fittings, and Flanges
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A278/A278M −01(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for
1
Temperatures Up to 650°F (350°C)
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA278/A278M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 4.1.1 Castings ordered to this specification are classified
2 based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in ksi, in
1.1 This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable
English units. Class 25 has a minimum specified tensile
for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to
strength of 25 ksi.
650°F (350°C).
4.1.2 Castings ordered to this specification are classified
1.2 Classes of Iron:
based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in MPa, in
1.2.1 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 450°F
Metric units. Class 150 has a minimum specified tensile
(230°C). For temperatures above 450°F and up to 650°F, only
strength of 150 MPa.
Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings are suitable.
1.2.2 Castingsofallclassesaresuitableforuseupto230°C.
5. Ordering Information
For temperatures above 230°C and up to 350°C, only Class
5.1 Orders for material in this specification should include
275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable.
the following information:
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
5.1.1 ASTM designation and year date,
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
5.1.2 Class of iron required and service temperature,
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
5.1.3 Quantity,
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
5.1.4 Heat Treatment:
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
5.1.4.1 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class
with the standard.
40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings to be used at temperatures at
450°F or less (see 6.2),
2. Referenced Documents
5.1.4.2 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class
3
2.1 ASTM Standards: 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings to be used at
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings temperatures at 230°C or less (see 6.2),
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials 5.1.5 The size of separately cast test bar to be poured (see
Section 9 and Table 1),
3. Terminology
5.1.6 The size of test specimen to be machined from test
barsCorS,and
3.1 Definitions of many terms common to gray iron castings
5.1.7 Special requirements.
may be found in Terminology A644.
6. Materials and Manufacture
4. Classification
6.1 Castings intended for use above 450°F (230°C) shall be
4.1 Classification by tensile strength.
stress-relieved by placing them in a suitable furnace at a
temperature not exceeding 400°F (200°C) and heating them
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
uniformly to the temperatures and for the times specified in
CastingsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA04.01onGreyandWhite
Table 2. The heating and cooling rates shall be uniform and
Iron Castings.
shall not be more than 400°F/h (250°C/h) for castings of 1-in.
Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A278/
(25-mm) maximum section. For heavier sections the maximum
A278M – 01(2006). DOI: 10.1520/A0278_A0278M-01R11.
heating and cooling rates in degrees Fahrenheit per hour shall
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
be 400 divided by the maximum section thickness.
cation SA-278 in Section II of that Code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.2 Heat Treatment and Cooling Rate:
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.2.1 CastingsofClassNos.45,50,55,and60,whichareto
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. be used at temperatures below 450°F, may be heat treated in
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A278/A278M−01 (2011)
TABLE 1 Diameters and Lengths of Cast Test Bars TABLE 3 Tensile Requirements
Test As-Cast Diameter, in. (mm) Length, in. (mm) Class Tensile Strength,
Bar min, ksi
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
(Bottom) (Top) (Specified) (Recommended) No. 20 20
No. 25 25
A 0.88 (23) 0.85 (22) 0.96 (25) 5.0 (125) 6.0 (1.50)
No. 30 30
B 1.20 (33) 1.14 (32) 1.32
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A278/A278M–01 (Reapproved 2006) Designation: A278/A278M – 01
(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for
1
Temperatures Up to 650°F (350°C)
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA278/A278M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to 650°F
(350°C).
1.2 Classes of Iron:
1.2.1 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 450°F (230°C). For temperatures above 450°F and up to 650°F, only Class
40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings are suitable.
1.2.2 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 230°C. For temperatures above 230°C and up to 350°C, only Class 275,
300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of many terms common to gray iron castings may be found in Terminology A644.
4. Classification
4.1 Classification by tensile strength.
4.1.1 Castings ordered to this specification are classified based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in ksi, in English
units. Class 25 has a minimum specified tensile strength of 25 ksi.
4.1.2 Castings ordered to this specification are classified based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in MPa, in Metric
units. Class 150 has a minimum specified tensile strength of 150 MPa.
5. Ordering Information
5.1 Orders for material in this specification should include the following information:
5.1.1 ASTM designation and year date,
5.1.2 Class of iron required and service temperature,
5.1.3 Quantity,
5.1.4 Heat Treatment:
5.1.4.1 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings to be used at temperatures at 450°F
or less (see 6.2),
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.01 on Grey and White Iron
Castings.
Current edition approved Oct.March 1, 2006.2011. Published October 2006.September 2011. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 20012006
as A278/A278M – 01(2006). DOI: 10.1520/A0278_A0278M-01R0611.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-278 in Section II of that Code.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A278/A278M – 01 (2011)
5.1.4.2 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings to be used at temperatures
at 230°C or less (see 6.2),
5.1.5 The size of separately cast test bar to be poured (see Section 9 and Table 1),
5.1.6 The size of test specimen to be machined from test bars C or S, and
5.1.7 Special requirements.
6. Materials and Manufacture
6.1 Castingsintendedforuseabove450°F(230°C)shallbestress-relievedbyplacingtheminasuitablefurnaceatatemperature
not exceeding 400°F (200°C) and heating them uniformly to the temperatures and for the times specified in Table 2. The heating
and cooling rates shall be uniform and shall not be more than 400°F/h (250°C/h) for castings of 1-in. (25-mm) maximum section.
For heavier sections the maximum heating and cooling rates in degrees Fahrenheit per hour shall be 400 divided by the maximum
section thickness.
6.2 Heat Treatment and Cooling Rate:
6.2.1 Castings of Class Nos. 45, 50, 55, and 60, which are to be used at temperatures below 450°F, may b
...