ASTM E883-11(2017)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Reflected–Light Photomicrography
Standard Guide for Reflected–Light Photomicrography
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is useful for the photomicrography and photomacrography of metals and other materials.
4.2 The subsequent processing of the photographic materials is also treated.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines various methods which may be followed in the photography of metals and materials with the reflected-light microscope. Methods are included for preparation of prints and transparencies in black-and-white and in color, using both direct rapid and wet processes.
1.2 Guidelines are suggested to yield photomicrographs of typical subjects and, to the extent possible, of atypical subjects as well. Information is included concerning techniques for the enhanced display of specific material features. Descriptive material is provided where necessary to clarify procedures. References are cited where detailed descriptions may be helpful.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in X1.7.
1.4 The sections appear in the following order:
Referenced documents
2
Terminology
3
Significance and use
4
Magnification
5
Reproduction of photomicrographs
6
Optical systems
7
Illumination sources
8
Illumination of specimens
9
Focusing
10
Filters for photomicrography
11
Illumination techniques
12
Instant-processing films
13
Photographic materials
14
Photographic exposure
15
Photographic processing
16
Keywords
17
Suggestions for visual use of metallographic microscopes
Appendix X1
Guide for metallographic photomacrography
Appendix X2
Electronic photography
Appendix X3
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E883 −11 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Guide for
1
Reflected–Light Photomicrography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
Electronic photography Appendix
X3
1.1 This guide outlines various methods which may be
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
followed in the photography of metals and materials with the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
reflected-light microscope. Methods are included for prepara-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tion of prints and transparencies in black-and-white and in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
color, using both direct rapid and wet processes.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 Guidelines are suggested to yield photomicrographs of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
typical subjects and, to the extent possible, of atypical subjects
as well. Information is included concerning techniques for the
2. Referenced Documents
enhanced display of specific material features. Descriptive
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material is provided where necessary to clarify procedures.
E7Terminology Relating to Metallography
References are cited where detailed descriptions may be
E175Terminology of Microscopy
helpful.
E768Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1951Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Magnifications
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3
2.2 Other Standard:
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. Specific precau-
MSDSMercury-Material Safety Data Sheet
tionary statements are given in X1.7.
1.4 The sections appear in the following order:
3. Terminology
Referenced documents 2
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
Terminology 3
see Terminologies E7 and E175.
Significance and use 4
Magnification 5
Reproduction of photomicrographs 6
4. Significance and Use
Optical systems 7
Illumination sources 8
4.1 This guide is useful for the photomicrography and
Illumination of specimens 9
photomacrography of metals and other materials.
Focusing 10
Filters for photomicrography 11
4.2 The subsequent processing of the photographic materi-
Illumination techniques 12
als is also treated.
Instant-processing films 13
Photographic materials 14
Photographic exposure 15
5. Magnification
Photographic processing 16
Keywords 17
5.1 Photomicrographs shall be made at preferred
Suggestions for visual use of metallographic Appendix
magnifications, except in those special cases where details of
microscopes X1
the microstructure are best revealed by unique magnifications.
Guide for metallographic photomacrography Appendix
X2
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallogra- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
phyand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.03 on Light Microscopy. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally AvailablefromUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),William
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E883–11. DOI: Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
10.1520/E0883-11R17. http://www.epa.gov.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E883−11 (2017)
5.2 Thepreferredmagnificationsforphotomicrographs,are: 7.5 The resolution of the microscope depends primarily on
4
25×, 50×, 75×, 100×, 200×, 250×, 400×, 500×, 750×, 800×, the numerical aperture of the objective in use (1) . The term
and 1000×. empty magnification is used to describe high magnifications
(above approximately 1100 times the numerical aperture of an
5.3 Magnifications are normally calibrate
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E883 − 11 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Guide for
1
Reflected–Light Photomicrography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
Electronic photography Appendix
X3
1.1 This guide outlines various methods which may be
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
followed in the photography of metals and materials with the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
reflected-light microscope. Methods are included for prepara-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tion of prints and transparencies in black-and-white and in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
color, using both direct rapid and wet processes.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 Guidelines are suggested to yield photomicrographs of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
typical subjects and, to the extent possible, of atypical subjects
as well. Information is included concerning techniques for the
2. Referenced Documents
enhanced display of specific material features. Descriptive
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material is provided where necessary to clarify procedures.
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
References are cited where detailed descriptions may be
E175 Terminology of Microscopy
helpful.
E768 Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Magnifications
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3
2.2 Other Standard:
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. Specific precau-
MSDS Mercury-Material Safety Data Sheet
tionary statements are given in X1.7.
1.4 The sections appear in the following order:
3. Terminology
Referenced documents 2
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
Terminology 3
Significance and use 4 see Terminologies E7 and E175.
Magnification 5
Reproduction of photomicrographs 6
4. Significance and Use
Optical systems 7
Illumination sources 8
4.1 This guide is useful for the photomicrography and
Illumination of specimens 9
photomacrography of metals and other materials.
Focusing 10
Filters for photomicrography 11
4.2 The subsequent processing of the photographic materi-
Illumination techniques 12
als is also treated.
Instant-processing films 13
Photographic materials 14
Photographic exposure 15
5. Magnification
Photographic processing 16
Keywords 17
5.1 Photomicrographs shall be made at preferred
Suggestions for visual use of metallographic Appendix
magnifications, except in those special cases where details of
microscopes X1
the microstructure are best revealed by unique magnifications.
Guide for metallographic photomacrography Appendix
X2
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallogra- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
phyand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.03 on Light Microscopy. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E883 – 11. DOI: Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
10.1520/E0883-11R17. http://www.epa.gov.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E883 − 11 (2017)
5.2 The preferred magnifications for photomicrographs, are: 7.5 The resolution of the microscope depends primarily on
4
25×, 50×, 75×, 100×, 200×, 250×, 400×, 500×, 750×, 800×, the numerical aperture of the objective in use (1) . The term
and 1000×. empty magnification is used to describe high magnifications
(above approximately 1100 times the numerical aperture of an
5.3 Magnifications are normally calibrated using a stage
objective), which have been shown to offer no increase in
micrometer. Calibration procedures in
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E883 − 11 E883 − 11 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Guide for
1
Reflected–Light Photomicrography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide outlines various methods which may be followed in the photography of metals and materials with the
reflected-light microscope. Methods are included for preparation of prints and transparencies in black-and-white and in color, using
both direct rapid and wet processes.
1.2 Guidelines are suggested to yield photomicrographs of typical subjects and, to the extent possible, of atypical subjects as
well. Information is included concerning techniques for the enhanced display of specific material features. Descriptive material is
provided where necessary to clarify procedures. References are cited where detailed descriptions may be helpful.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in X1.7.
1.4 The sections appear in the following order:
Referenced documents 2
Terminology 3
Significance and use 4
Magnification 5
Reproduction of photomicrographs 6
Optical systems 7
Illumination sources 8
Illumination of specimens 9
Focusing 10
Filters for photomicrography 11
Illumination techniques 12
Instant-processing films 13
Photographic materials 14
Photographic exposure 15
Photographic processing 16
Keywords 17
Suggestions for visual use of metallographic Appendix
microscopes X1
Guide for metallographic photomacrography Appendix
X2
Electronic photography Appendix
X3
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E175 Terminology of Microscopy
E768 Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallographyand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.03 on Light Microscopy.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011June 1, 2017. Published May 2011June 2017. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 as
E883 – 02E883 – 11.(2007). DOI: 10.1520/E0883-11.10.1520/E0883-11R17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E883 − 11 (2017)
E1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope Magnifications
3
2.2 Other Standard:
MSDS Mercury-Material Safety Data Sheet
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, see Terminologies E7 and E175.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide is useful for the photomicrography and photomacrography of metals and other materials.
4.2 The subsequent processing of the photographic materials is also treated.
5. Magnification
5.1 Photomicrographs shall be made at preferred magnifications, except in those special cases where details of the
microstructure are best revealed by unique magnifications.
5.2 The preferred magnifications for photomicrographs, are: 25×, 50×, 75×, 100×, 200×, 250×, 400×, 500×, 750×, 800×, and
1000×.
5.3 Magnifications are normally calibrated using a stage micrometer. Calibration procedures in Guide E1951 should be
followed.
6. Reproduction of Photomicrographs
6.1 Photomicrographs should be at one of the preferred magnifications. A milli- or micrometre ma
...
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